Young earth creationism
Young earth creationism (often referred to as "Biblical creationism", or simply creationism) is the name given to a set of beliefs espoused by some fundamentalist Protestants who assert that the origin of the Universe and all life on earth was precisely revealed in the Biblical book of Genesis. Using literal hermeneutics to approach the book, as well as the genealogy of Matthew chapter 1, proponents argue that the earth is only 6,000 – 10,000 years old.
While other cultures and religions may hold similar views of a young Earth, the term "young Earth creationism," coined in the late 20th century, refers to the fundamentalist Protestant (or orthodox Jewish) view.
History
The creationist chronology was originally developed in 17th century England by Archbishop James Ussher, an Anglican, in 1651. Ussher calculated, using the chronologies given in the books of the Bible, that the first day of creation occurred on October 23, 4004 BC. His chronology was typeset in English Bibles starting in 1701; however, the year 4004 BC was already well known among theologians.[1]
Creationism was once a mainstream view in large parts of Europe and was not a contentious issue until the 19th century, when scientists (such as James Hutton and Charles Lyelle) started publishing work, based on their analysis of geological processes and formations, supporting the view that the earth was not a few thousand years old but, in fact, several millions of years old. This view was based largely on belief in uniformitarianism. The subsequent publication of Darwin's On the Origin of Species in 1859 and the associated Theory of Evolution, also affirmed the view that the Earth was much older than the 6,000 years proposed by creationists.
Nearly all theologians, including those opposed to the theory of evolution, rejected the 4004BC model and argued the earth was very old. By 1900 the young Earth creationist chronology was no longer viewed as accurate by educated citizens in Europe or America. [2]
The Scopes Trial
By 1910 a new theology of "fundamentalism" had emerged among conservative Protestants, especially in the Southern Baptist church in the U.S. They revived the 4004BC dating and organized political opposition to the teaching of Darwinism in the public schools. The Scopes trial took place in Tennessee, in 1925 and was seen as a watershed event in the creation-evolution controversy.[3] The Butler Act, passed in March 1925 in Tennessee, made it unlawful for any teacher in any of the public schools of the state to teach any theory that "denies the story of the Divine Creation of man as taught in the Bible, and to teach instead that man has descended from a lower order of animals." The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) began a campaign to challenge this law and sought someone who would be prepared to admit to teaching evolution in a state school and stand trial so that the law could be challenged in court. John T. Scopes volunteered to play that part. William Jennings Bryan, three-time presidential nominee assisted the prosecution, and famed lawyer Clarence Darrow assisted the defense. Reporters across the world covered the sensational trial, especially when Darrow made Bryan a witness and questioned him about Biblical stories, such as Jonah and the whale. Although Scopes lost the trial (his conviction was reversed), the resulting publicity brought the issue to the forefront of the minds of the American people and fundamentalists saw it as a humiliating set-back for their crusade against modernity. [4]
Modern-day young Earth creationism
The modern resurgence of young Earth creationism was due to two American theologians, John C. Whitcomb, Jr. and Henry M. Morris, and their book The Genesis Flood (1961). They in turn borrowed heavily from George McCready Price, a self-taught Seventh-day Adventist author of The New Geology (1923). (They borrowed Price's theory about Noah's flood, but rejected his theology which downplayed the importance of the date of creation.) [5]
Several organisations promote the idea of young Earth creationism. Some of the most prominent ones are Answers In Genesis[7], Creation Ministries International[8] and the Institute for Creation Research[9]. Although many organizational efforts have been undertaken in the last 80 years, especially by the Moody Bible Institute of Chicago, they have always collapsed in the face of bitter internal disputes among creationists. There are multiple "Noah flood" theories (none of which are supported by published scientific research.) As one creationist laments, "Unfortunately the situation in astronomy is not as good. As with biology and geology, astronomy has become permeated with evolutionary assumptions and conclusions. Unlike those other disciplines, there is no overall theory or, if you will, paradigm, of astronomy from a creationist perspective. Part of the problem has been the lack of researchers in the field."[6]
Main tenets
(To be updated)
Creation Museum
In 2007, Answers In Genesis opened the Creation Museum[10] near Cincinnati, Ohio. The museum generated much interest and controversy in the press and media.[7]. The museum was designed by Patrick Marsh, who also designed the Jaws and King Kong exhibits at Universal Studios, Florida [8]
Other groups in the United States have announced similar museums. The Creation Discovery Museum[11] was opened by the Creation Studies Institute[12], a Fort Lauderdale, Florida-based ministry that promotes young Earth creationism. [9]
Criticisms
The scientific community has on the whole rejected young Earth creationism, which it sees as a religious doctrine.[10] Religious creationists who believe in old Earth creationism also reject the assertion that the Earth is only approximately 6,000 – 10,000 years old.
The list of supporters of young Earth creationism show they came to creationism from religion, and that those who claim scientific expertise on other topics have not published papers on creationism in mainstream, refereed science journals.[11]
See also
References
- ↑ J. G. C. M. Fuller, "A date to remember: 4004 BC," Earth sciences history 2005, vol. 24, no1, pp. 5-14
- ↑ Evangelical theologians who adopted a figurative interpretation of the first two chapters of Genesis. Numbers (2000)
- ↑ Numbers (2006)
- ↑ Larson (2006); State v. John Scopes ("The Monkey Trial") by Douglas O. Linder, [1]
- ↑ Price wrote in 1917, "The question of how much time was occupied in the work of Creation is of no importance, neither is the question of how long ago it took place. The one essential idea is that in its nature Creation is essentially inscrutable; we can never hope to know just how it was accomplished; we cannot expect to know the process or the details, for we have nothing with which to measure it. The one essential thing in the doctrine of Creation is that the origin of our world and of the things upon it came about at some period of time in the past by a direct and unusual manifestation of Divine power; " (quoted in [2]); Numbers (2006)
- ↑ Danny R. Falkner, "The Current State of Creation Astronomy." (1998) online at [3]
- ↑ Associated Press, "New Bible-Based Museum Has Dinosaurs," in New York Times May 26, 2007.
- ↑ [4] (accessed on 8th August 2007).
- ↑ Creationism 'Lite': 'Intelligent design' proponents marry God and evolution. wire service dispatch in The Record (Bergen County, NJ), August 28, 2005
- ↑ Numbers (2006)
- ↑ For list see [5]; see also [6]
Bibliography
- Bratt, James D., "History of Brief Time" Reviews in American History, Vol. 22, No. 2 (Jun., 1994), pp. 335-339. (review of Numbers, 1992 edition. online at JSTOR
- Giberson, Karl W. and Donald A. Yerxa. Species of Origins: America's Search for a Creation Story (2002) looks at the debate over creationism and evolution in late 20th century; covers Darwinism, young earth creationism, and intelligent design.
- Edward J. Larson. Summer for the Gods: The Scopes Trial And America's Continuing Debate over Science And Religion (2006)
- Edward J. Larson: Trial and Error: The American Controversy Over Creation and Evolution 2003 ISBN 0195154703
- Lienesch, Michael. In the Beginning: Fundamentalism, the Scopes Trial, and the Making of the Antievolution Movement (2007)
- Numbers, Ronald L. The Creationists (2nd ed. 2006)
- Numbers, Ronald L. "The Most Important Biblical Discovery of Our Time": William Henry Green and the Demise of Ussher's Chronology," Church History, Vol. 69, No. 2 (Jun., 2000), pp. 257-276 in JSTOR
External links
Young Earth creationist organisations
Discussions on creationism
- Northwest Creation Network Summary of Biblical Young Earth Creationism, with numerous links
- In Evolution Debate, Creationists Are Breaking New Ground Washington Post article on the Creation Museum (free registration required)
- The Young Earth Creation Club Arguments and publications from Young Earth creationists.
- godandscience.org Young Earth vs. Old Earth arguments from Old Earth creationists.