Exercise and body weight

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Maintenance of Long-Term Weight Loss

It has been shown in many studies that following weight loss, subjects often regain the lost weight, and sometimes even overshoot their original weight. Abderson et al , having analysed a large number and variety of weight loss studies carried out in the US that more than 35% of lost weight is regained within the first year, and the majority within five.(1) Metabolism plays a key role in this. Among other inputs, the reduction of leptin and insulin tell the brain that the body is energy-deficient, resulting in a drive to eat along with suppressed energy expenditure. The body’s choice of fuel also changes within the diurnal cycle and is affected by lifestyle. Therefore, to maintain their new weight, individuals need to limit their food intake to the same extent that expenditure is suppressed.

The role of exercise in this:

There is evidence to suggest that regular exercise prevents or counters these metabolic adaptations that lead to weight regain. Work done by MacLean et al (2) showed that not only that relapsing rats that exercised presented a reduction in weight in liver tissue and mesenteric fat pads compared to their sedentary counterparts, but did not succumb to the overeating normally seen after dramatic weight loss. The energy balance previously mentioned was delayed and much reduced (roughly 40%), therefore greatly reducing the rats’ desire to gorge themselves. Lean rats show a diurnal shift in fuel usage (favouring carbohydrates during the dark cycle and fat during the light). Obese rats did not present this shift. It however returned after weight loss. (see if can find more on this) In sedentary rats, carbohydrates were favoured regardless, while fat was stored and significant lipogenesis was observed.

AMPK is a hypothalamic nutrient sensor that responds to low nutrient availability. Signals from the periphery (leptin, insulin) were not increased by exercise regimes. The reception of these signals, however, seems to be more involved. Acute bouts of exercise have been shown in the study by MacLean et al to lessen the response of AMPK to peripheral deprivation signals, thereby reducing the drive to overfeed. Rats that had lost weight were observed to alternate massive overeating with periods of deprivation. Daily aerobic exercise reduced the extremes in fuel consumption that are associated with this phenomenon as well as the excessive desire to eat and/or hunger pains that are the downfall of many individuals after a calorie-restricted weight loss program.

The work done by MacLean et al suggested that preventing the typical increase in adipocytes may affect the ability to store excess calories, as the peripheries are wired so as to process and store any fuel excess rapidly and efficiently to promote regain and return to the defended body weight. The drive to physical activity is tightly regulated and has been shown to directly influence adiposity and body weight.

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