Knowledge management

Knowledge management is a discipline which emerged under that name from 1995 onwards. The concept has been hyped to a great extent, resulting in many initiatives being left again. Despite this, the intent of knowledge management is widely acknowledged and involves various disciplines.

Perspectives on Knowledge Management

"Schools" of Knowledge Management

The schools of knowledge management are based on article of Michael Earl, here he defines three approaches rooted in different disciplines. The approaches are technocratic, economic and behavioral. These schools of knowledge management stem from various disciplines, ranging from Philosophy, Computer Science, Sociology, Epistemology, Management to Economics. The subsets of schools resulted from a research using case studies, interviews and litertature. The schools are not mutually exclusive, quite on the contrary. Overlap does exist between schools. The schools can be used for education, analysis, formulating strategies and research.

Technocratic Schools

The technocratic schools are labeled so because they rely heavily on technology, both information and management technology. These technologies can be used "to support and, to different degrees, condition employees (or knowledge workers) in their everyday tasks."

Systems

The systems approach focuses on specific domains. For such a domain knowledge is codified and stored in knowledge bases, this relies heavily on technology. Typical examples are "Conventional" Databases, Decision support Systems and Reference websites. Important Critical Success Factors of this approach are, among others, Content Validation, Incentives to provide content and showing the importance to the organization.

Engineering

The scope of the engineering school is on bringing knowledge to activities where the knowledge is required. In short it comes down on centralized knowledge and decentralized application of knowledge.

Cartographic

The Cartographic approach focuses more on an organization/enterprise level, spanning multiple domains. The Cartographic approach does not attempt to codify the knowledge itself, but rather provides "maps" to knowledge. This can be both to explicit as well as tacit knowledge.

It works well in decentralized organizations and requires means for connectivity; i.e. self-service profiles/facebases, knowledge directories, instant-messaging, on-line collaboration etc. Some critical success factors are a set of knowledge networks combined with a culture or incentive-system motivating it to share knowledge. Adding to this an organization should trust in personalized knowledge.

Economic School: Commercial

The commercial school focuses on the value of knowledge "explicitly creating revenue streams from the exploitation of knowledge and intellectual capital". Besides exploiting an organizations knowledge, the commercial school is also focussed on protecting an organizations knowledge. This can be brought into practice by maintaining a portfolio of knowledge in the organization and assessing the costs and benefits of these knowledge assets. This can result on the one hand in maintaining and protecting or, on the other hand in selling or donating knowledge assets.

Examples mentioned in the article of Earl are intellectual assets like patents, trademarks, copyrights, and know-how. These can be used to create an extra revenue stream from licensing, Dow Chemical is mentioned as an example of this school.