Baron Munchausen
(this article is about the fictitious character; for the "real" Baron Münchausen, see Karl Friedrich Hieronymus, Freiherr von Münchhausen).
Baron Münchausen is an enduring figure of comical exaggeration, originated by Rudolf Erich Raspé in a series of stories which were first published in the 1780's. Raspé himself may have borrowed the stories from others; and his own, regularly extended, collections of "Munchauen stories" were soon taken up and continued by later writers. In Germany, in Raspé's adopted homeland of England, and to a lesser extent worldwide, the stories became immensely popular, and the name of Münchausen became a synonym for any form of exaggerated story or "tall tale." In Medicine, the term "Munschausen syndrome" came to refer to patients who concocted fictititious illnesses, usually of a nature that offered spectacularly intruiging diagnostic puzzles for their physicians, supported by elaborate false histories and feigned evidence in an effort for attention and hospitalization. In the twentieth century, the Baron was featured in films and animated cartoons, most notably in Terry Gilliam's 1988 film The Adventures of Baron Münchausen.
Raspé's Münchausen
The actual Baron Münchausen was well-known in European circles for his entertaining accounts of his military exploits, but was said to be prone to exaggeration. An anonymous version of tales under his name was published in England in 1781, and may have been a source for Raspé. Raspé's own book was entitled Baron Munchhausen's Narrative of his Marvellous Travels and Campaigns in Russia, which was reprinted with additional tales as The Surprising Adventures of Baron Munchhausen, and appeared in 1785. One of the signature touches of these texts was to reproduce an affadavit, purportedly signed by the "Lord Mayor and Aldermen" of London, averring that everything in the book was absolutely true. Raspé may have imitated this from the opening of Lucian's True History, a similarly facetious tale which was a source for many stories in the Münchausen tradition.
Later versions and parodies
Additions to, and parodies of, Raspé's work began almost immediately; the very year after the first London edition (1786), Gottfried August Bürger translated Raspe's tales into German, adding a few of his own. These were published as Wunderbare Reisen zu Wasser und zu Lande: Feldzüge und lustige Abenteuer des Freiherrn von Münchhausen ("Marvellous Travels by Water and Land: The Campaigns and Comical Adventures of Baron Münchhausen"). In 1819, an anonymous writer satirized Sir John Ross's recent polar expedition with a tract entitled Munchausen at the Pole, which awarded facetious laurels for Ross's achievements in retrieving such treasures as a "bucket of red snow" and a "button from a coat worn by Mungo Park." The best-known illustrations of Munchausen's exploits are those of Gustave Doré, first prepared for an edition of 1862, and frequently reprinted (see illustration above).
Film and animation
The first person known to have produced a film version of the Baron's exploits was Georgés Méliès, whose Les Hallucinations du Baron de Münchhausen appeared in 1911. In 1943, Josef von Baky filmed Münchhausen with Hans Albers in the title role. The production was supported by Josef Göbbels, the Nazi propaganda minister, who was unaware that the screenplay had been written by Erich Kästner, who had been banned by the Nazis since 1933 for "decadent" art. 1962 saw The Fabulous Baron Munchausen, an animated feature film directed by Karel Zeman; while highly creative, the animation's overally quality was poor, and it is difficult to watch today. Terry Gilliam's The Adventures of Baron Munchausen in 1988 was the most ambitious version ever mounted, and was infamous for cost overruns and production problems. Nevertheless, it remains the best film version to date, with a fabulous turn by Canadian actor John Neville as the Baron, along with Eric Idle as his invaluable assistant "Berthold", Oliver Reed as Vulcan, Uma Thurman as Venus, and Sarah Polley as "Sally Salt."
Munchausen's syndrome
for additional information see Munchausen syndrome
"In the medical and dental literature, a number of reports have been published describing a Münchhausen syndrome in the German language and a Munchausen syndrome in the English language...The syndrome is defined as a condition characterized by the feigning of symptoms of a disease or injury in order to undergo diagnostic tests, hospitalization, medical or dental treatment." (Reichart PA. Grote M. Munchhausen syndrome or Muchausen syndrome? Two names--one syndrome. Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine. 30(8):510-2, 2001 Sep. UI: 11545245). In the English medical literature, "Asher was the first to use the term Munchausen syndrome to refer to a peculiar subset of patients who repeatedly seek medical care for factitious illnesses" (de Fontaine S. Van Geertruyden J. Preud'homme X. Goldschmidt D. Munchausen syndrome. Annals of Plastic Surgery. 46(2):153-8, 2001 Feb. UI: 11216611)
He used this eponym because it reminded him of the fantastic imaginary adventures of an 18th century European aristocrat, the Baron von Munchausen. In 19XX, a formal psychiatric diagnosis of Muchausens was recognized.
Although the great majority of patients with this syndrome are adults, there have been cases of older children and adolescents with the diagnosis. The recognition of such cases has important conseuences for parents, since, when children have been found to be healthy despite elaborate evidence of serious illness, these children are ordinarily assumed to be victims of Munchausen syndrome by proxy. (Libow JA. Child and adolescent illness falsification. Pediatrics. 105(2):336-42, 2000 Feb. UI: 10654952
Munchausen syndrome by proxy
"In 1975, Meadow described a serious form of child abuse, terming it Munchausen's syndrome by proxy."(Berg B. Jones DP. Outcome of psychiatric intervention in factitious illness by proxy (Munchausen's syndrome by proxy). Archives of Disease in Childhood. 81(6):465-72, 1999 Dec. UI: 10569958). Most reported cases of Munchausen syndrome by proxy have concerned the parent, usually the mother, or other full-time caregiver who purposefully makes the dependant child ill in order to her or himself gain the attention of medical and nursing care givers.
There have been cases of caregivers to adults who have been diagnosed with this psychiatric illness. For example, a hospital nurse whose patients fell ll because of her manipulations. (Yorker BC: Hospital epidemics of factitious disorder by proxy, in The Spectrum of Factitious Disorders. Edited by Feldman MD, Eisendrath SJ. Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Press, 1996, pp 157-17)
Veterinary Munchausen's syndrome by proxy
The typical parent who fabricates a child's illness has reported to be female, usually the mother. However, recently, there have been reports of adults who poison or otherwise make ill both children and family pets, bringing them each to appropriate health services. These casesd have been predominantly male. (Finlay F. Guiton S. Munchausen syndrome by proxy abuse perpetrated by men. Archives of Disease in Childhood. 79(5):466, 1998 Nov. UI: 10193271). "The two most salient warning signs of factitious disorder by proxy are improvements in the victim's health during periods of separation and the deaths of those who have been under the perpetrator's care." (Feldman MD. Canine variant of factitious disorder by proxy.American Journal of Psychiatry. 154(9):1316-7, 1997 Sep. UI: 9286197)
References
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Dyer C. Mother found guilty in case of fabricated illness. [Legal Cases. News] BMJ. 330(7490):497, 2005 Mar 5. UI: 15746116
Anonymous. Safeguarding children from fabricated or induced illness. Part 1. Background and significance of the new Department of Health guidance. [Review] [15 refs] [Journal Article. Review] Nursing Management (Harrow). 9(6):6-10, 2002 Oct. UI: 12484340
Tucker HS. Finlay F. Guiton S. Munchausen syndrome involving pets by proxies. [Letter] Archives of Disease in Childhood. 87(3):263, 2002 Sep.
American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 1994
Meadow, Roy:Munchausen syndrome by proxy abuse perpetrated by men. Archives of Disease in Childhood. Volume 78(3), March 1998, pp 210-216