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Natural Sciences     Social Sciences     Humanities     Arts     Applied Arts and Sciences     Recreation An encyclopedia project—and more! Welcome to Citizendium, a wiki for providing free knowledge where authors use their real, verified names and credentials. We welcome anyone who wants to share their knowledge by writing articles on virtually any subject, and by improving articles written by others. Please read through our easy registration procedures, then join us as an Author and perhaps also as a recognised expert Editor. We have 17,243 articles at different stages of development, of which 0 are expert-approved. Our community is collegial and congenial; everyone writes under his or her verified real name. We welcome anyone who has knowledge, broad or narrow, about any subject. Sign up—we need Authors, and from amongst them, specialist Editors. We prefer new material but allow work from other sites to be imported and improved under certain conditions. For a brief guide on what Citizendium is and is not, see Myths and Facts; for more details, see the frequently-asked questions page. Students in higher education write here as part of their courses under our Eduzendium initiative. We have a Charter to provide a framework for governance. For more details on participation, see Why Citizendium? and Why I Contribute. To learn more about the project, see our article on ourselves, our Help System, our financial report and our Statistics page. Follow us on Twitter (general news; new pages), Facebook or Google+. Join us Join here and start a new article or improve existing ones. See Recent Changes—an overview of articles we are writing now. Get started: How to collaborate | How to format pages Wikipedians are very welcome! Comment on articles nominated for approval. You can discuss any article on its Talk page. Our help system Questions and answers to help you find the information you need From the HOME page you can get started, get technical help, see our policies, and explore our organization in detail. We Need Support From Donations! Please help! We have a continuing need for funds to pay for hosting our servers. See our financial report for complete details. Please make your donations here. See also WatchKnowLearn, a free, non-profit, K-12 educational video website which Citizendium founder Larry Sanger also helped to start.

Some of our finest Approved Articles (0) Developed Articles (1,143) (17,243 total articles) Writing, the painful process of transforming three-dimensional, parallel-processed experience into two-dimensional, linear narrative. — Susan Hockfield (neuroscientist)        —add a quotation about knowledge or writing •Did You Know? •Citizendium Blog - Latest entry: 01-Jan-2013 Monthly Donation Day  |  Monthly Donor Honor Roll CZ:Monthly Honor Roll of Users Editing the Wiki Featured Article about 1901 photograph of a stentor (announcer) at the Budapest Telefon Hirmondó. Telephone newspaper is a general term for the telephone-based news and entertainment services which were introduced beginning in the 1890s, and primarily located in large European cities. These systems were the first example of electronic broadcasting, and offered a wide variety of programming, however, only a relative few were ever established. Although these systems predated the invention of radio, they were supplanted by radio broadcasting stations beginning in the 1920s, primarily because radio signals were able to cover much wider areas with higher quality audio. History After the electric telephone was introduced in the mid-1870s, it was mainly used for personal communication. But the idea of distributing entertainment and news appeared soon thereafter, and many early demonstrations included the transmission of musical concerts. In one particularly advanced example, Clément Ader, at the 1881 Paris Electrical Exhibition, prepared a listening room where participants could hear, in stereo, performances from the Paris Grand Opera. Also, in 1888, Edward Bellamy's influential novel Looking Backward: 2000-1887 foresaw the establishment of entertainment transmitted by telephone lines to individual homes. The scattered demonstrations were eventually followed by the establishment of more organized services, which were generally called Telephone Newspapers, although all of these systems also included entertainment programming. However, the technical capabilities of the time meant that there were limited means for amplifying and transmitting telephone signals over long distances, so listeners had to wear headphones to receive the programs, and service areas were generally limited to a single city. While some of the systems, including the Telefon Hirmondó, built their own one-way transmission lines, others, including the Electrophone, used standard commercial telephone lines, which allowed subscribers to talk to operators in order to select programming. The Telephone Newspapers drew upon a mixture of outside sources for their programs, including local live theaters and church services, whose programs were picked up by special telephone lines, and then retransmitted to the subscribers. Other programs were transmitted directly from the system's own studios. In later years, retransmitted radio programs were added. During this era telephones were expensive luxury items, so the subscribers tended to be the wealthy elite of society. Financing was normally done by charging fees, including monthly subscriptions for home users, and, in locations such as hotel lobbies, through the use of coin-operated receivers, which provided short periods of listening for a set payment. Some systems also accepted paid advertising. Footnotes