Butler/Citable Version
The butler is a senior servant in a well-to-do household. The position has existed for centuries but in modern usage the butler is in charge of food service, is the custodian of wine, liquor, and silver, and supervises other servants. The butler is usually the most senior staff member, although this too has evolved over time. Today, especially in the grandest homes or when the employer owns more than one residence, there is sometimes an Estate Manager of higher rank than the butler.
In modern houses where the butler is the most senior worker, titles such as Majordomo, Butler Administrator, Staff Manager, and Head of Household Staff are now sometimes used.
In the great houses of the past, the household was generally divided into areas of responsibility, with the butler in charge of the dining room (including the wine cellar) and pantry, and sometimes the entire parlour floor, while a housekeeper was in charge of the house as a whole and of its appearance.[1] Housekeepers are occasionally portrayed in literature as being the most senior staff member and as even making recommendations for the hiring of the butler.[2]
Origin and development of the post of butler
The modern role of the butler has evolved from earlier roles that generally concerned the care and service of alcoholic beverages.
Ancient and Medieval eras
From ancient through medieval times alcoholic beverages were chiefly stored first in earthenware vessels, then later in wooden barrels, rather than in glass bottles; these containers would have been an important part of a household's possessions. The care of these assets was therefore generally reserved for trusted slaves, although heredity-based class lines or the inheritance of trades meant the job could also go to free persons.
The biblical book of Genesis contains references to those in roles precursive to modern butlers. The early Hebrew Joseph interpreted a dream of Pharaoh's שקה (shaqah) (literally "to give to drink"), which is most often translated into the title "chief butler" or "chief cup-bearer".[3]
In ancient Greece and Rome, it was nearly always slaves who were charged with the care and service of wine, while during the European Middle Ages the pincerna, usually a serf, filled the role.
The English word "butler" itself derives from the Middle English word boteler (and several other forms), from Old French bouteillier ("bottle bearer"), and before that from Middle Latin butticula. "Butticula", in turn, came down to English as "butt" from the Latin buttis, meaning a large cask. The modern English "butler" thus relates both to bottles and casks.
Centuries later, in medieval times, the European butler emerged as a middle-ranking member of the servants of a great house, in charge of the buttery (originally a storeroom for "butts" of liquor, although the term later came to mean a general storeroom or pantry).[4] While this is so for household butlers, those in service to the Crown enjoyed a position of power and were only minimally involved with various stores.
Victorian era and nineteenth century
Gradually, through the Victorian era and into the nineteenth century, as the number of butlers and other domestic servants greatly increased in various countries, including America, the butler became a senior male servant of a household's staff. By this time he was in charge of the more modern wine cellar, the "buttery" or pantry, as it came to be called, (from French pan from Latin panis, bread) which supplied bread, butter, cheese and other basic provisions, and the ewery, which contained napkins and basins for washing and shaving. In the very grandest households there was sometimes an Estate Steward or other senior steward who oversaw the butler and his duties.
Typically, the butler was hired by the master of the house but usually reported to its lady. In the largest of households, the butler was head of a strict service hierarchy and therein held a position of power and respect. Such butlers engaged and directed all junior staff. Butlers were addressed by last name alone by their employers and their employers' children and guests, but as "Mr. [Surname]" by fellow servants, retainers and tradespersons. These butlers were more managerial than "hands on"; they officiated in service rather than actually serving; for example, the butler was at the door to greet and announce the arrival of a formal guest, the door was actually opened by a footman, who would receive that guest's coat and hat. The butler helped his employer into his coat, which had been handed to the butler by a footman. This notwithstanding, even the highest-ranking butler would "pitch in" when necessary (as during a staff shortage) to ensure that the household ran smoothly.
Butlers in early America From the beginning of slavery in the American North, in the early 1600s, African Americans were put to task as domestic servants, some eventually becoming butlers. Gary Puckrein, a social historian, argues that those used in particularly affluent homes authentically internalized the sorts of "refined" norms and personal attributes that would reflect highly upon the social stature of their masters or mistresses. One of the first books written and published through a commercial U.S. publisher by an African American was by a butler named Robert Roberts. The book, The House Servant's Directory (see link to full text at bottom of page), first published in 1827, is essentially a manual for butlers and waiters, and is called by Puckrein "the most remarkable book by an African American in antebellum America". The book generated such interest that a second edition was published in 1828, and a third in 1843.[5] European indentured servants formed a corps of domestic workers from which butlers were eventually drawn. Although not the victims of institutionalized slavery, many of these had not volunteered for such service, but were pressed into service by indebtedness or coercion. As with African American slaves, they could rise in domestic service, and their happiness or misery depended greatly on the nature of their masters. |
The butler engaged the footmen and assigned their duties. Footmen reported directly to the butler; the first footman (or head footman) was deputy or under-butler and filled in as butler during the butler's illness or absence. In a household without an official Head Housekeeper, female servants and kitchen staff were also directly under his management. Further, in a smaller household the butler usually acted as valet for his employer.
The modern butler
Beginning around the early 1920s, employment in domestic service occupations began a sharp overall marked decline in western European countries, even sharper in the United States. Even so, there were around 30,000 butlers employed in Britain by World War II. Just around 100 remained by the mid-1980s.[6] Barry Higman centrally argues that a high number of domestic workers within a society correlates with its level of socio-economic inequality. Conversely, as a society undergoes levelling among social classes, the number employed in domestic service declines. Higman additionally argues that the inequality/equality level of a society is a major determinant of the nature of the domestic servant/employer relationship.[7]
Thus, as the 21st century encroached, the butler began taking on more and more duties formerly reserved for junior household servants. Butlers today may carry out whatever household and personal duties their employers deem fitting, all in the goal of freeing up their employer to carry out their own personal and professional affairs. Steven M. Ferry states that the image of tray-wielding butlers who specialize in serving tables and decanting wine is an anachronism, and that employers may well be more interested in the butler capable of managing a full array of household affairs, from providing the traditional dinner service, to acting as valet, to managing high-tech systems and multiple homes with complexes of staff. Except in grand houses and hotels where a butler may specialize, the modern butler is typically an all-purpose household affairs manager[8] who may also be called upon to do mundane housekeeping duties, depending upon the employer.[9] Butlers today may also be situated within corporate settings and Embassies, or within their own small "Rent-a-Butler" business or such an agency.
Given varied shifts and changes accompanying accelerated globalisation, demand for butlers since the turn of the millennium has risen dramatically. According to Charles MacPherson, vice chairman of the International Guild of Professional Butlers, the most proximate cause is that the number of millionaires and billionaires has increased in recent years, and such person are finding they desire assistance managing their households. MacPherson emphasises that the number of wealthy in China has particularly increased, creating a high demand for professional butlers in the country who have been trained in the European tradition of the role.[10] There is additional high demand for such butlers among oil-rich Middle Eastern countries.
In ancient times, the roles precursive to butlering were reserved for chattel or those confined within heredity-based class structures. With the advent of the Medieval era, butlering became an opportunity for significant societal advancement, more so during Victorian times. Still based upon its varied antecedent roles as manifested during their various eras, butlering today has become a potentially lucrative career option, with butlers fulfilling increasingly multiple duties. The most highly skilled and experienced butlers are reputed to make USD 250,000 per year plus a full array benefits.
Gender and butlering
Butlers have traditionally been male, and this remains the usual case. There are, however, female butlers and they are sometimes preferred; an example would be in cultures where it is unacceptable to have males working intimately with females in a household.[11] The International Guild of Professional Butlers states that there is a "definite demand" for females in the profession, as Middle and Far Eastern families often prefer female butlers, as do female celebrities.[12] Despite this, the Ivor Spencer School asserts that, on the whole, female butlers are not easily placed.
Butler training
In times past, butlers earned their position by working their way up the service ladder. In the documentary The Authenticity of Gosford Park, former butler Arthur Inch describes starting as a hall boy.[13] Today, however, there are numerous private butler schools; top graduates may earn USD 50,000 - 60,000 to start.[10] Additionally, major up-scale hotels such as the Ritz-Carlton offer their own version of butler training, typically geared to preparing butler-specialists in defined areas such as "technology butler", who fix the computers and other electronic devises of guests, and "bath butlers" who draw custom baths for them.[14]
Some schools distinguish between the "British butler" prototype and its American counterpart, often dubbed the "household manager". Starkey International, for example, states they train and promote the latter, believing Americans do not have the "servant mentality" that is part of the British Butler tradition and stresses that their American-style butlers and valets are educated and certified,[15] although some students, numerous former Starkey employees, and several wealthy clients have criticized the program and its owner.[16]
In addition to formal training, a few recent books have been published to assist butlers in their duties. Moreover, websites, as well as a news publication, The Modern Butler's Journal, help butlers network and keep abreast of developments within their field.
The butler in art  In a famous painting, Heads of Six of Hogarth's Servants, by 17th century English artist William Hogarth, he depicted his household servants, each surrounding the butler. In depicting the group in a close-knit assemblage rather than in the performance of their routine household duties, Hogarth sought to profoundly humanize and dignify them in a manner akin to wealthy-class members, who were the normal subjects of such portraits. Whilst a subversive act that certainly raised many eyebrows in his day—Hogarth conspicuously displayed the work in his estate home in full view of guests—he at the same time painted his servants' facial expressions to convey the sincerity and deference expected of servant-class members. Photo: Tate Collection, U.K. |
Ferry argues that what he calls a butler "mindset" is beneficial to all people within all professions. He states that an attitude of devoted service to others, deference, and the keeping of confidences can help all people succeed.
The butler in real-life vs. fiction
- For a comprehensive listing of butlers and valets with notes, see Catalogue of butlers and valets.
The real-life modern butler is discreet and unobtrusive, friendly but not familiar, keenly anticipates and meets the needs of his or her employer, and executes those duties with the utmost grace and precision. The butler of fiction, by contrast, is larger-than-life and has become a traditional plot device in literature and the performing arts. Butlers provide often comic relief with wry comments, clues as to the perpetrators of various crimes, and they are represented as at least as intelligent, or even more so, than their "betters". Butlers in fiction almost invariably follow the "British Butler" model, with an appropriate-sounding surname. The Asian, African American, or Caribbean houseboy is a variant, but even these major-domos are based on the British icon.
"The butler" is integral to the plot of countless potboilers and melodramas, whether or not the character has been given a name. Butlers figure so prominently in period pieces and whodunits that they can be considered stock characters in film and theatre where a catch phrase is, "the butler did it!"
The best known fictional manservant, and the prototype of the quintessential British butler, is himself not a butler at all. Reginald Jeeves, the iconic creation of author P. G. Wodehouse is a "gentleman's gentleman" or valet. Alfred Pennyworth, from Batman, unusually known as "Alfred" rather than "Pennyworth", "Hudson" of Upstairs, Downstairs fame, and Crichton from J.M. Barrie's The Admirable Crichton are probably the best-known fictional butlers. Other lesser-knowns include Lynn Belvedere from the novel Belvedere (which was adapted into a feature film with sequels and later a television series); Lurch, from the television series The Addams Family, and Benson from the series Soap and Benson.
Not all frictional butlers are made to play into the "butler stereotype", however. The butler Jennings in the film Gosford Park was coached by Arthur Inch, a longtime real-life butler. Mr. Stevens, the butler in the film Remains of the Day, was also acted true-to-life.
References
- ↑ Post, Emily (1997). Emily Post's Etiquette. Collins. ISBN 0062700782.
- ↑ 18th-century housekeepers sometimes made extra money by giving tours of the great house, a fact depicted in Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice.
- ↑ Genesis 39-40.
- ↑ This was most likely from a loss of the original Latin meaning and the understanding that buttery related to "butter".
- ↑ Gary Puckrein (Oct/Nov 98). "The Science of Service". American Visions 13 (5).
- ↑ J. Lee (1988). "Steady, Jeeves—you've got company!". U.S. News & World Report 104 (17).
- ↑ Higman, Barry (2002). Domestic Service in Australia. Melbourne University Publishing. ISBN 0522850111.
- ↑ Ferry, Steven M.. Butlers & Household Managers: 21st Century Professionals. BookSurge Publishing, 14. ISBN 1591093066.
- ↑ James Woodford (2007-08-13). "Move over, Jeeves, a new breed of butler is working her way up". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived. Elizabeth Camille, a butler in Sydney, states, "I still make beds, clean toilets and peg out washing.... It's not all as glamourous as people perceive it to be."
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Scott Simon interviewing Charles MacPherson, vice chairman of the International Guild of Professional Butlers (10 Feb 2007). By Jeeves, We're Having a Butler Shortage (Streaming Audio). Weekend Edition Saturday. NPR News. Retrieved on 2007-08-13. Also see Sheelah Kolhatka, "Inside the Billionaire Service Industry". The Atlantic, Sept 2006, 97-101. Archived. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "NPRradio" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ For interesting background, see Elizabeth Warnock Fernea, Guests of the Sheik: An Ethnography of an Iraqi Village. ISBN 0385014856.
- ↑ See The International Butler's Guild.
- ↑ The Authenticity of Gosford Park, Documentary featurette in Gosford Park Collector's Edition DVD, Universal Studios, 2002.
- ↑ Witchel (2000). "At Hotels, the Butlers Are Doing It". New York Times 149 (51486).
- ↑ Starkey does lay claim to understanding the British Butler tradition; however, her general approach seems to be that American domestic staff are better suited to American families,
- ↑ Joel Warner (9 Aug 2007). "At Your Disservice". Denver Westword News. Archived.
External links
Butlering organizations
Butlering publications
Butlering training
- The International Butler Academy
- The International Institute of Modern Butlering
- Starkey International
Links to full text
Other
Bibliography
- Frank, Robert (2007). Richistan: A Journey Through the American Wealth Boom and the Lives of the New Rich. Crown. ISBN 0307339262.