Attack cargo ship
Attack cargo ships were WWII-era U.S. Navy ships designed specifically to carry troops, heavy equipment and supplies in support of amphibious assaults, and to provide naval gunfire support during those assaults. Their hull classification was AKA. During WWII, 108 AKAs were built in U.S. shipyards. There were several different types, but all were of roughly similar size and capability. After the war, six larger and significantly different ships of this type were built. In 1969, the Navy redesignated all remaining AKAs as LKA, and renamed the type as amphibious cargo ship.
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The biggest difference between these ships and other cargo ships was their ability to carry and handle large numbers of landing craft. They were also faster, had more armament, and had larger hatches and booms. Their holds were optimized for combat loading, a method of cargo storage where the items first needed ashore were at the top of the hold, and those needed later were lower down. Because these ships went into into forward combat areas, they had Combat Information Centers and significant amounts of equipment for radio communication, neither of which were present in other cargo ships.
World War II
The need for ships of this type became apparent during World War II, when amphibious warfare doctrine underwent a period of rapid development as Japanese strongholds in the Pacific were invaded from the sea. Planners saw the need for a special kind of cargo ship—one that could carry both cargo and the LCM and LCVP boats with which to deliver it to the beach, and that carried guns to assist in air defense and shore bombardment. Specifications were drawn up, and beginning in early 1943, the first 16 U.S. Attack Cargo Ships were converted from Navy cargo ships that had previously been designated AK.
Six new AKAs were built during 1943, 41 during 1944, and 45 during 1946. A new attack cargo ship was commissioned an average of every nine days during the latter two years. Construction stopped at the end of the war, 108 AKAs having been built or converted during its duration.
Attack cargo ships played a vital role in the Pacific War, where many were attacked by kamikazes and other aircraft, and several were torpedoed, but none were sunk or otherwise destroyed. Nine AKA's were present at the surrender ceremony in Tokyo Bay on 2 September 1945: USS Libra (AKA-12), USS Medea (AKA-31), USS Pamina (AKA-34), USS Sirona (AKA-43), USS Skagit (AKA-105), USS Todd (AKA-71), USS Tolland (AKA-64), USS Whiteside (AKA-90), and USS Yancey (AKA-93).
Complement
Each AKA's complement had to consist of enough officers and enlisted men to man the ship fully during combat operations. Other than during combat, and even then sometimes, the ships got by with less then their full complement. When loaded for a landing, each AKA also carried the troops and officers associated with the tanks and other equipment that made up her cargo; sometimes AKAs also carried underwater demolition teams and similar forces. Existing information sources sometimes report highly varied numbers for AKA complements; it is possible that they are somehow counting the troops and other passengers in with those who actually manned the ships.
Armament
WWII AKAs were armed to provide both naval gunfire support and antiaircraft defense. All were equipped with one 5" /38 caliber gun, which by 1944 was recognized as the best gun for this dual role. All eventually had twin 40 mm antiaircraft guns, which were seen as the best for that purpose. Early on, most WWII AKAs also had 20mm antiaircraft guns, but these came to be seen as having limited value, and were eventually phased out. It is not clear just when this happened, but they were removed from at least one AKA at the time of her recommissionning in 1952.
Classes
The earliest AKAs were individually converted from existing merchant ships. Later ones were specifically built to be AKAs, in several different classes; ships of a given class were built on the same standard hull design.
 Typical Tolland-class attack cargo ship | |
| Tolland Class | |
|---|---|
| Builder: | North Carolina Shipbuilding |
| Hull Type: | C2-S-AJ3 |
| Displacement: | 8,635 tons light, 13,910 tons loaded |
| Length: | 459 ft 2 in (140 m) |
| Beam: | 63 ft (19.2 m) |
| Draft: | 26 ft 4 in (8.0 m) |
| Propulsion: | GE geared steam turbine drive, single propeller, 6,000 shp (4.5 MW) |
| Speed: | 16.5 knots (30.6 km/h) |
| Complement: | 395 (62 officers, 333 men), plus embarked troops |
| Armament: | 1 × 5"/38 caliber DP gun, 4 × twin 40 mm AA guns, 16 × 20 mm AA guns |
| Boats: | 14 LCVP, 8 LCM |
| NOTES: Some sources report different displacements for ships of this type. Speed and complement may have changed as the ship or her mission were modified. Often one or two LCVPs were replaced by LCPLs. 20mm AA guns were sometimes removed. | |
| Typical Tolland class attack cargo ship | |
| General Characteristics | |
|---|---|
| Hull Type: | C2-S-AJ3 |
| Displacement: | 8,635 tons light, 13,910 tons loaded |
| Length: | 459 ft 2 in (140 m) |
| Beam: | 63 ft (19.2 m) |
| Draft: | 26 ft 4 in (8.0 m) |
| Propulsion: | GE geared steam turbine drive, single propeller, 6,000 shp (4.5 MW) |
| Speed: | 16.5 knots (30.6 km/h) |
| Complement: | 395 (62 officers, 333 men), plus embarked troops |
| Armament: | 1 × 5"/38 caliber DP gun, 4 × twin 40 mm AA guns, 16 × 20 mm AA guns |
| Boats: | 14 LCVP, 8 LCM |
| NOTES: Some sources report different displacements for ships of this type. Speed and complement may have changed as the ship or her mission were modified. Often one or two LCVPs were replaced by LCPLs. 20mm AA guns were sometimes removed. | |
Postwar period
Within a year of the war's end, 70 of the 108 AKAs had been decommissioned and either sold or put into the National Defense Reserve Fleet. Eight others were converted to ships of different types such as ammunition ships, oceanographic survey ships, repair ships, or cable layers.
Ten of the reserve ships were recommissioned for service in the Korean War. One AKA, USS Tulare (AKA-112), somewhat larger than her predecessors, was built and commissioned in 1954. She and some of the WWII AKAs saw service in Vietnam. Several of the AKAs, most notably USS Arneb (AKA-53), saw service in establishing and maintaining U.S. bases in Antarctica.
Five more amphibious cargo ships, much larger and of a completely new design, were built between 1968 and 1970.
In 1969, the U.S. Navy redesignated all its AKA attack cargo ships as LKA amphibious cargo ships. At the same time, the other "A" designations of amphibious ships were changed to similar "L" designations. For example, the all the APAs were redesignated as LPAs. The remaining WWII AKA/LKAs were decommissioned shortly thereafter, the last one finally being taken from service in 1971.
In the mid 1990s, both the United States Navy and the Royal Navy developed amphibious transport docks which took on this unique amphibious role. The last amphibious cargo ship in the U. S. Navy, USS El Paso (LKA-117), was decommissioned in April, 1994.
See also
- Andromeda-class attack cargo ship
- Arcturus-class attack cargo ship
- Artemis-class attack cargo ship
- Charleston-class amphibious cargo ship
- Tolland-class attack cargo ship
- List of attack cargo ships of the United States Navy (AKA)
- List of amphibious cargo ships of the United States Navy (LKA)
- Attack transport (APA/LPA). Nearly identical ships used to tranport troops and landing craft.
References
- Alexander, Joseph H. Storm Landings: Epic Amphibious Battles in the Central Pacific. 1997. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-032-0
- Crew, Thomas E. Combat Loaded: Across the Pacific on the USS Tate. 2007. College Station, Texas: Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 1-58544-556-8
- Dodson, Kenneth. Away all Boats. 1954. Boston: Little Brown and Company
- Friedman, Norman. U.S. Amphibious Ships and Craft: An Illustrated Design History. 2002. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-250-1
- Heggen, Thomas. Mister Roberts. 1946. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN 0-395-07788-5
- Lane, Frederic C. Ships for Victory: A History of Shipbuilding under the U.S. Maritime Commission in World War II. 1951, 2001. Baltimore, Maryland: The Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-6752-5
- Linner, John H. MD. From Normandy to Okinawa: A Navy Medical Officer's Diary and Overview of World War II. 2000. Edina, Minnesota: Malibu-DelRay Publishing Company. ISBN 0-9703-2430-8
- North Carolina Shipbuilding Company. Five Years of North Carolina Shipbuilding. 1946. Wilmington, North Carolina: North Carolina Shipbuilding Company.