Vipera ursinii: Difference between revisions
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imported>Aleksander Stos m (does not meet cz_live criteria, practically no content edits) |
imported>Jaap Winius (Removed red links. Reformatted ITIS link.) |
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| color = pink | | color = pink | ||
| name = ''Vipera ursinii'' | | name = ''Vipera ursinii'' | ||
|<!-- | | status = <!-- EN --> | ||
| status_system = iucn2.3 | | status_system = iucn2.3 | ||
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia | | regnum = [[Animal]]ia | ||
| phylum = | | phylum = Chordata | ||
| subphylum = | | subphylum = Vertebrata | ||
| classis = | | classis = Reptilia | ||
| ordo = | | ordo = Squamata | ||
| subordo = [[Snake|Serpentes]] | | subordo = [[Snake|Serpentes]] | ||
| familia = | | familia = Viperidae | ||
| subfamilia = [[Viperinae]] | | subfamilia = [[Viperinae]] | ||
| genus = ''[[Vipera]]'' | | genus = ''[[Vipera]]'' | ||
| species = '''''V. ursinii''''' | | species = '''''V. ursinii''''' | ||
| binomial = ''Vipera ursinii'' | | binomial = ''Vipera ursinii'' | ||
| binomial_authority = ( | | binomial_authority = (Bonaparte, 1835) | ||
| synonyms = * ''Coluber foetidus'' - Güldenstedt ''In'' Georgi, 1801 | | synonyms = * ''Coluber foetidus'' - Güldenstedt ''In'' Georgi, 1801 | ||
* ''Pelias Ursinii'' - Bonaparte, 1835 | * ''Pelias Ursinii'' - Bonaparte, 1835 | ||
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* ''Vipera ursinii'' var. ''rakosiensis'' - Méhely, 1894 | * ''Vipera ursinii'' var. ''rakosiensis'' - Méhely, 1894 | ||
* ''Vipera ursinii'' - Boulenger, 1896 | * ''Vipera ursinii'' - Boulenger, 1896 | ||
* ''Vipera renardi'' - Boulenger, | * ''Vipera renardi'' - Boulenger, 1896Vipera ursinii | ||
* ''Vipera macrops'' - Méhely, 1911 | * ''Vipera macrops'' - Méhely, 1911 | ||
* ''Vipera ursinii macrops'' - Bolkay, 1924 | * ''Vipera ursinii macrops'' - Bolkay, 1924 | ||
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* ''Vipera ursinii ursinii'' - Müller, 1927 | * ''Vipera ursinii ursinii'' - Müller, 1927 | ||
* ''Coluber ursinoides'' - Nikolsky, 1927 | * ''Coluber ursinoides'' - Nikolsky, 1927 | ||
* ''Peilas berus'' var. ''uralensis'' - Reuss, 1929 ( | * ''Peilas berus'' var. ''uralensis'' - Reuss, 1929 (nomen nudum) | ||
* ''Acridophaga uralensis'' - Reuss, 1929 | * ''Acridophaga uralensis'' - Reuss, 1929 | ||
* ''Vipera berus'' var. ''ralosiensis'' - Werner, 1929 | * ''Vipera berus'' var. ''ralosiensis'' - Werner, 1929 | ||
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'''Common names:''' meadow viper, Ursini's viper.<ref name="Mal03">Mallow D, Ludwig D, Nilson G. 2003. True Vipers: Natural History and Toxinology of Old World Vipers. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, Florida. 359 pp. ISBN 0-89464-877-2.</ref> | '''Common names:''' meadow viper, Ursini's viper.<ref name="Mal03">Mallow D, Ludwig D, Nilson G. 2003. True Vipers: Natural History and Toxinology of Old World Vipers. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, Florida. 359 pp. ISBN 0-89464-877-2.</ref> | ||
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'''''Vipera ursinii''''' is a | '''''Vipera ursinii''''' is a venomous [[Viperinae|viper]] and a very widespread species, found from southeastern [[France]] all the way to [[China]] (Xinjiang).<ref name="McD99"/> No subspecies are currently recognized.<ref name="ITIS">[http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=635002 ''Vipera ursinii'' (TSN 635002)] at [http://www.itis.gov/index.html Integrated Taxonomic Information System]. Accessed 5 July 2007.</ref> | ||
==Description== | ==Description== | ||
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==Geographic range== | ==Geographic range== | ||
Found in southeastern [[France]], eastern Austria (extinct), Hungary, central Italy, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, northern and northeastern Albania, Romania, northern Bulgaria, Greece, [[Turkey]], northwestern [[Iran]], Armenia, Azerbaijan, [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], Russia and across the Khazakstan, Kirgizia and eastern Uzbekistan steppes to [[China]] (Xinjiang). The type locality given is " ... monti dell' Abruzzo prossimi alla provincia d'Ascoli... " (mountains of Abruzzi, Ascoli Province, Italy).<ref name="McD99"/> | |||
==Conservation status== | ==Conservation status== | ||
This species is classified as Endangered (EN) on the | This species is classified as Endangered (EN) on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species with the following criteria: A1c+2c (v2.3, 1994).<ref name="ICUN-VU">[http://www.iucnredlist.org/search/details.php/22997/summ ''Vipera ursinii''] at [http://www.iucnredlist.org/ IUCN Red List]. Accessed 5 October 2006.</ref> This indicates an observed, estimated, inferred or suspected population reduction of at least 80% over the last 10 years or three generations, whichever is the longer, based on a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitat. For the same reason, a population reduction of at least 80% is projected or suspected to be met within the next 10 years or three generations, whichever is the longer. Year assessed: 1996.<ref name="ICUN-23">[http://www.iucnredlist.org/info/categories_criteria1994#categories 1994 Categories & Criteria (version 2.3)][http://www.iucnredlist.org/ IUCN Red List]. Accessed 5 October 2006.</ref> | ||
In addition, this species is listed on | In addition, this species is listed on CITES Appendix I, which means that it is threatened with extinction if trade is not halted,<ref name="CITES">[http://www.unep-wcmc.org/isdb/CITES/Taxonomy/tax-species-result.cfm?Genus=Vipera&Species=ursinii&source=animals&displaylanguage=eng ''Vipera ursinii''] at [http://www.cites.org/ CITES] and [http://www.unep-wcmc.org/ United Nations Environment Programme / World Conservation Monitoring Centre]. Accessed 8 October 2006.</ref> and is a strictly protected species (Appendix II) under the Berne Convention.<ref name="COE">[http://conventions.coe.int/treaty/FR/Treaties/Html/104-2.htm Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats, Appendix II] at [http://conventions.coe.int/ Council of Europe]. Accessed 9 October 2006.</ref> | ||
==Taxonomy== | ==Taxonomy== | ||
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* ''V. u. graeca'' - Nilson & Andrén, 1988 | * ''V. u. graeca'' - Nilson & Andrén, 1988 | ||
Golay et al. (1993) recognize the first four,<ref name="McD99"/> while Mallow et al. (2003) recognize the last two.<ref name="Mal03"/> However, McDiarmid et al (1999), and thus | Golay et al. (1993) recognize the first four,<ref name="McD99"/> while Mallow et al. (2003) recognize the last two.<ref name="Mal03"/> However, McDiarmid et al (1999), and thus ITIS, feel that more definitive data is necessary before they can do the same.<ref name="McD99"/> | ||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
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==External links== | ==External links== | ||
* {{EMBL species|genus=Vipera|species=ursinii}} | * {{EMBL species|genus=Vipera|species=ursinii}}. | ||
* [http://www.arkive.org/species/GES/reptiles/Vipera_ursinii/ Meadow viper (''Vipera ursinii'')] at [http://www.arkive.org/ ARKive]. Accessed 5 October 2006. | * [http://www.arkive.org/species/GES/reptiles/Vipera_ursinii/ Meadow viper (''Vipera ursinii'')] at [http://www.arkive.org/ ARKive]. Accessed 5 October 2006. | ||
* [http://www.herp.it/indexjs.htm?SpeciesPages/ViperUrsin.htm ''Vipera ursinii ''] at [http://www.herp.it/ Amphibians and Reptiles of Europe]. Accessed 9 October 2006. | * [http://www.herp.it/indexjs.htm?SpeciesPages/ViperUrsin.htm ''Vipera ursinii ''] at [http://www.herp.it/ Amphibians and Reptiles of Europe]. Accessed 9 October 2006. | ||
Revision as of 16:55, 4 July 2007
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Common names: meadow viper, Ursini's viper.[2]
Vipera ursinii is a venomous viper and a very widespread species, found from southeastern France all the way to China (Xinjiang).[1] No subspecies are currently recognized.[3]
Description
Adults average 40-50 cm in length, although specimens of 63-80 cm have been reported.[2]
Geographic range
Found in southeastern France, eastern Austria (extinct), Hungary, central Italy, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, northern and northeastern Albania, Romania, northern Bulgaria, Greece, Turkey, northwestern Iran, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Russia and across the Khazakstan, Kirgizia and eastern Uzbekistan steppes to China (Xinjiang). The type locality given is " ... monti dell' Abruzzo prossimi alla provincia d'Ascoli... " (mountains of Abruzzi, Ascoli Province, Italy).[1]
Conservation status
This species is classified as Endangered (EN) on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species with the following criteria: A1c+2c (v2.3, 1994).[4] This indicates an observed, estimated, inferred or suspected population reduction of at least 80% over the last 10 years or three generations, whichever is the longer, based on a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitat. For the same reason, a population reduction of at least 80% is projected or suspected to be met within the next 10 years or three generations, whichever is the longer. Year assessed: 1996.[5]
In addition, this species is listed on CITES Appendix I, which means that it is threatened with extinction if trade is not halted,[6] and is a strictly protected species (Appendix II) under the Berne Convention.[7]
Taxonomy
There is high genetic diversity within samples of V. ursinii and several species may be involved. At least six subspecies may be encountered in modern literature:[1]
- V. u. ursinii - Bonaparte, 1835
- V. u. eriwanensis - Reuss, 1933
- V. u. rakosiensis - Méhely, 1893
- V. u. renardi - Christoph, 1861
- V. u. moldavica - Nilson, Andrén & Joger, 1993
- V. u. graeca - Nilson & Andrén, 1988
Golay et al. (1993) recognize the first four,[1] while Mallow et al. (2003) recognize the last two.[2] However, McDiarmid et al (1999), and thus ITIS, feel that more definitive data is necessary before they can do the same.[1]
See also
- Vipera.
- List of viperine species and subspecies.
- True vipers - Common names.
- True vipers - Synonymy.
- Snakebite.
Cited references
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T. 1999. Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, vol. 1. Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume).
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Mallow D, Ludwig D, Nilson G. 2003. True Vipers: Natural History and Toxinology of Old World Vipers. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, Florida. 359 pp. ISBN 0-89464-877-2.
- ↑ Vipera ursinii (TSN 635002) at Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Accessed 5 July 2007.
- ↑ Vipera ursinii at IUCN Red List. Accessed 5 October 2006.
- ↑ 1994 Categories & Criteria (version 2.3)IUCN Red List. Accessed 5 October 2006.
- ↑ Vipera ursinii at CITES and United Nations Environment Programme / World Conservation Monitoring Centre. Accessed 8 October 2006.
- ↑ Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats, Appendix II at Council of Europe. Accessed 9 October 2006.
Other references
- Golay P, Smith HM, Broadley DG, Dixon JR, McCarthy. Golray P, Schatti J-C, Toriba M. 1993. Endoglyphs and Other Major Venomous Snakes of the World: A Checklist. New York: Springer-Verlag. 393 pp.
External links
- Species Vipera ursinii at the Species2000 Database.
- Meadow viper (Vipera ursinii) at ARKive. Accessed 5 October 2006.
- Vipera ursinii at Amphibians and Reptiles of Europe. Accessed 9 October 2006.
- Orsini's viper, Vipera ursinii at Reptiles & Amphibians of France. Accessed 30 October 2006.