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An '''idée fixe''' is a preoccupation of mind held so firmly as to resist any attempt to modify it, a fixation. The name originates from the French [French : ''idée'', idea + ''fixe'', fixed]. Although not used technically to denote a particular [[Mental disorder|disorder]] in [[psychology]], ''idée fixe'' is used often in the description of disorders, and is employed widely in literature and everyday English.
In [[physics]] and [[chemistry]], <b>charge</b> is a fundamental property of [[matter]] that causes a [[force]] of attraction to (or repulsion from) spatially separate matter that likewise manifests the property of charge. Classically, two types of charge are known, ''magnetic'' and ''electric''. The distinguishing property of '''electric charge''' is that electric charges can be isolated, while while an isolated magnetic charge or [[magnetic monopole]] never has been observed.<ref name=Giancoli/><ref name=gibilisco2005/><ref name=elert2010/><ref name=elert2010b/> Electric charges interact with magnetic charges only when in relative motion one to the other.  


==Today's usage==
In the physics of [[elementary particle]]s, '''color charge''' is recognized as a property of [[quark]]s.<ref name=Webb/> Color charge causes interaction between charged entities ''via'' the ''chromoforce'', also called the ''color force'' and the ''strong force''. As with electric and magnetic charge, color charge can be multiple valued, conventionally called ''red, green'' or ''blue''.  Color charge is not assigned a numerical value; however, a superposition in equal amounts of all three colors leads to a "neutral" color charge, a somewhat stretched analogy with the superposition of red, green and blue light to produce white light.<ref name=Han/> Thus, protons and neutrons, which consist of three quarks with all three colors are color-charge neutral. Quark combinations are held together by exchange of combinations of eight different [[gluon]]s that also are color charged.<ref name=Rosen/><ref name=Gothard/>
{{See also|Monomania}}
As an everyday term, ''idée fixe'' may indicate a mindset akin to [[prejudice]] or [[stereotyping]]:<ref name=Fisher/>
:Here again cognitive psychologists have done miracles in disclosing the well-nigh unlimited capabilities ''and'' eagerness of human beings to ward off contradictions ''inter alia'' by closing their eyes to data that are at variance with their assumptions. ... people who accept the stereotype...are forever coming up with evidence to support their ''idée fixe'' and seem unable to notice any information which might disturb their belief.
::::-- H. S. Versnel, ''Inconsistencies in Greek and Roman Religion''<ref name=Versnel/>


However, ''idée fixe'' has also a [[Psychopathology|pathological]] dimension, denoting serious psychological issues, as in this account of Japanese culture for a popular audience:
The color charges of ''anti''quarks are ''anti''colors. The combination of a quark and an antiquark to form a[[meson]], such as a [[pion]], [[kaon]] and so forth, leads to a neutral color charge.  
:Although her husband did not reproach her, she became  like a woman possessed, continually begging for his forgiveness. This he readily gave, but her guilt — and his imagined umbrage — had become for her an ''idée fixe''. Unable to stomach food, she went into a decline and died soon thereafter.
::::--Jack Seaward ''The Japanese''<ref name=Seaward/>


The pathology is what is denoted in psychology and in the law, as in this technical article about [[anorexia nervosa]]:
Another charge in elementary particle theory is the '''baryonic charge''', with value +1 for all baryons and −1 for all ''anti''baryons.
:The idée fixe — staying thin — becomes at its furthest extreme so powerful as to render any other ideas or life projects meaningless. ... "I felt all inner development was ceasing, that all becoming and growing were being choked, because a single idea was filling my entire soul"
::::--Susan Bordo ''Toward a new psychology of gender''<ref name= Gergen/>


''Idée fixe'' began as a parent category of obsession,<ref name= Berrios/> and as a preoccupation of mind the ''idée fixe'' resembles today's [[obsessive-compulsive disorder]]: although the afflicted person can think, reason and act like other people, they are unable to stop a particular train of thought or action.<ref name=Davis/> However, in obsessive-compulsive disorder, the victim recognizes the absurdity of the obsession or compulsion, not necessarily the case with an ''idée fixe'', which normally is a delusion.<ref name=Jakes/>
Finally, we mention the '''leptonic charge''' carried by electrons and [[neutrino]]s.<ref name=Han/>
 
Today, the term ''idée fixe'' does not denote a specific disorder in psychology, and does not appear as a technical designation in the [[Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders|''Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders'']].<ref name=disorders/> Nonetheless, ''idée fixe'' is used still as a descriptive term,<ref name=Sims/> and appears in dictionaries of psychology.<ref name=dictionary/>
 
==Background==
As originally employed in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries,<ref name= Clark/><ref name=Sass/> ''idée fixe''  was "a single pathology of the intellect", distinct from ''[[monomania]]'', a broader term that included ''idée fixe'', but also a wider range of range of pathologies that did not stem from "a single compelling idea or from an emotional excess".<ref name=Shapiro/> A second difference is that the victim of ''idée fixe'' was understood to be unaware of the unreality of their frame of mind,<ref name=Tuke/> while the victim of monomania might be aware.
 
At that time, ''idée fixe'' was discussed as a form of [[neurosis]] or monomania.<ref name= psychology/>:
 
: The meaning of ''monomania'' in the technical medical sense in which it was first used, was very close to the popular meaning it would soon acquire. It denoted an ''idée fixe'', a single pathological preoccupation in an otherwise sound mind.<ref name=Goldstein/>
 
The idea of monomania was developed by [[Jean-Étienne Dominique Esquirol|Esquirol]] as a diagnostic category in his work ''Des Malades Mentales'' (1839) and related to the ''idée fixe'' by [[Wilhelm Griesinger|Griesinger]] (1845) who viewed "every single ''idée fixe'' [as] the expression of a deeply deranged psychic individuality and probably an indicator of an incipient form of mania".<ref name=Sass/>
The "pathologicalization" of political convictions was used to discredit political anarchists.<ref name=Clark/>  The further historical evolution of ''idée fixe'' was much entangled with the introduction of psychologists into legal matters such as the insanity defense, and is found in a number of texts.<ref name=Davis/><ref name=Goldstein/><ref name=Mucke/>
 
==Legal implications==
During the nineteenth century and early twentieth century, ''monomania'' appears in treatises on criminal law:<ref name=Hughes/>
 
:Monomania is a state of madness, or derangement of the mind, with respect to one subject only. Homicidal mania is an insane impulse to kill; pyromania is an insane impulse to burn buildings; and kleptomania is an insane impulse to steal. A person, therefore, may be insane and irresponsible as to one subject and at the same time sane and responsible to others. He may be punished unless impelled to crime by his monomania. But many courts hold that monomania causing an irresistible impulse to crime is no defense when the offender knew the act was wrong.
 
The aberrations of [[pyromania]] and [[kleptomania]] still are recognized as [[impulse control disorder]]s or [[conduct disorders]], and the notion of [[irresistible impulse]] still plays a legal role in the [[insanity defense]].
 
Possibly the best example of the role of ''idée fixe'' in an insanity defense today is its use in identifying the [[paranoia|paranoid personality disorder]].<ref name= Sims/>
 
:A frequent manifestation of ... paranoid personality is the presence of an overvalued idea ... a fixed idea (idée fixe) ... which might seem reasonable both to the patient and to other people. However, it comes to dominate completely the person's thinking and life. ... It is quite distinct phenomenologically from both ''delusion'' and ''obsessional idea''.
 
The extreme case of ''paranoid [[psychosis]]'' " ... includes preoccupation with delusional beliefs; believing that people are talking about oneself; believing one is being persecuted or being conspired against; and believing that people or external forces control one's actions."<ref name=Stahl/>
 
The legal issues surrounding paranoia include judgment of competence to stand trial, conditions for involuntary hospitalization, involuntary medication, and a focus upon awareness or not of unreality at the moment when the defendant "snapped".<ref name=Kantor/>
 
==In literature==
''Idée fixe'' occurs extensively in literature.<ref name=Zuylen/> Perhaps the most famous example of an idée fixe is in [[Miguel de Cervantes|Cervantes]]'s  ''[[Don Quixote]]'':<ref name=Farell/>
:Don Quixote reveals his kinship to the most commonly encountered of Cervantes's character types: the head-in-clouds fantasist, obsessed by his ''idée fixe''.<ref name=Close/>
 
[[Molière]] also used the ''idée fixe'' repeatedly:<ref name=Howarth/>
:Molière's more celebrated comic characters, Arnolphe, Orgon, Alceste, Harpagon, Monsieur Jourdain, Argan: each of them displays to the very end the obsession or ''idée fixe'' which colors his outlook on life. It is a characteristic of Molière's heroes that they are never ‘converted’: in every case the dénouement, far from curing them of their folly, merely confirms them in it.
 
Although [[Herman Melville|Melville]]'s Captain Ahab may come to mind as another famous example of ''idée fixe'', and it is sometimes referred to this way,<ref name=Zuylen/> more often Ahab's obsession is referred to as ''monomania'' (the more inclusive term), and Melville himself does that. It would seem from the description of Ahab's possession that ''idée fixe'' applies quite accurately, as the following description suggests:
:"Not one jot of his great natural intellect had perished." ... "Yielding up all his thoughts and fancies to his one supreme purpose", Ahab has let his mind's guiding and directing power be usurped by the "sheer inveteracy" of a will driven by "one unachieved revengeful desire" (Quotes from [[Moby-Dick]], pp. 990, 1007)
::::--Thomas Cooley ''The ivory leg in the ebony cabinet: madness, race, and gender in Victorian America''<ref name=Cooley/>
However, what makes ''monomania'' the better term is that "Captain Ahab ... has an inkling of his true state of mind: 'my means are sane, my motive and my object mad.{{' "}}<ref name=Cooley/>
 
The words ''idée fixe'' also occur explicitly: for example, in [[Arthur Conan Doyle]]'s [[Sherlock Holmes]]:
:There is the condition which the modern French psychologists have called the {{'}}''idée fixe''{{'}}, which may be trifling in character, and accompanied by complete sanity in every other way. A man might form such an ''idée fixe''... and under its influence be capable of any fantastic outrage.
::::--Arthur Conan Doyle ''The return of Sherlock Holmes''<ref name=Holmes/>
 
and in [[Abraham B. Yehoshua]]'s novel about the  Mani family through six generations:
 
:...I had begun to despair of his accursed ''idée fixe'' which devoured every other ''idée'' that it encountered...
::::--Abraham B. Yehoshua ''Mr. Mani''<ref name=Halkin/>
 
and in the account of the war on terror by [[George W. Bush|George Bush]]'s counter-terrorism chief [[Richard A. Clarke]]:
:Iraq was portrayed as the most dangerous thing in national security. It was an idée fixe, a rigid belief, received wisdom, a decision already made and one that no fact or event could derail.
::::--Richard A Clarke ''Against All Enemies: Inside America's War on Terror''<ref name=Clarke/>


==References==
==References==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name=Giancoli>


{{Reflist|refs=
{{cite book |title=Physics for scientists and engineers with modern physics |author=Douglas C. Giancoli |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=xz-UEdtRmzkC&pg=PA708 |pages=p. 708 |isbn=0132273594 |publisher=Pearson Education |edition=4rth ed}}
 
<ref name= Berrios>
 
{{cite book |title=The history of mental symptoms: descriptive psychopathology since the nineteenth century |author= G. E. Berrios |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=XSD_ucVR3E8C&pg=PA153 |chapter=Note 63; page 153  |isbn=0521437369 |year=1996 |publisher=Cambridge University Press}}
 
</ref>
 
<ref name= Clark>
 
{{Cite book|title=Legal medicine in history |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=qqIWH-X2BjYC&pg=PA214 |pages=pp. 214 ''ff'' |author=Michael Clark, Catherine Crawford |isbn=0521395143 |year=1994 |publisher=Cambridge University Press}}
 
</ref>
 
<ref name=Clarke>
 
{{Cite book|title=Against All Enemies: Inside America's War on Terror |publisher=Free Press |year=2004 |isbn=0743260457 |author=Richard A Clarke |url=http://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&tbo=p&q=%22It+was+an+idee+fixe,+a+rigid+belief,+received+wisdom,+a+decision+already+made+and+one+that+no+fact+or+event+could+derail.+There+is+seldom+in+history+a+single+reason+%22&num=10}}
 
</ref>
 
<ref name=Close>
 
{{Cite book|title=Miguel de Cervantes, Don Quixote |author=Anthony J. Close |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=2ItJRxkLKykC&pg=PA106 |isbn=0521313457 |page=p. 106 |year=1990 |publisher=Cambridge University Press }}
 
</ref>
 
<ref name=Cooley>
 
{{Cite book|author=Thomas Cooley |title=The ivory leg in the ebony cabinet: madness, race, and gender in Victorian America |year=2001 |publisher=University of Massachusetts Press |isbn=1558492844 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=2zxd_PJIeAwC&pg=PA42 |page=p. 42}} Page numbers refer to {{Cite book|title=Moby-Dick, or the Whale |author=Herman Melville |year=1983 |isbn=0940450097 |publisher=Library of America |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=_d4cfyf5FH0C&pg=PA771 |editor=G Thomas Tanselle |edition=Reprint of the 1851 Northwestern-Newberry}}
 
</ref>
 
<ref name=Davis>
 
{{Cite book|title=Obsession: a history |author=Lennard J. Davis |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Z5ATMl1uCCcC&pg=PA69 |page=pp. 69 ''ff'' |isbn=0226137821 |year=2008 |publisher=University of Chicago Press}}
 
</ref>
 
<ref name=dictionary>
 
For example, {{Cite book|title=The dictionary of psychology |author= Raymond J. Corsini |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=0uxnglHzYaoC&pg=PA467 |page=p. 467 |isbn=1583913289 |year=2002 |publisher=Psychology Press}}
</ref>
 
 
<ref name=disorders>
 
{{Cite book|title=Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-IV-TR |publisher=American Psychiatric Society |edition=4rth |year=2000 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=3SQrtpnHb9MC&printsec=frontcover |isbn=0890420254}}
 
</ref>
 
<ref name=Farell>
 
{{Cite book|title=Paranoia and modernity: Cervantes to Rousseau |author=John Farrell |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=FeseQP6RtRAC&pg=PA48 |isbn=0801444101 |page=p. 48 |year=2006 |publisher=Cornell University Press }}
 
</ref>
 
<ref name=Fisher>
 
{{Cite book|author=Glen Fisher |title=Mindsets: the role of culture and perception in international relations |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=B_nl_2GbkJ4C&pg=PA22 |page=p. 22 |isbn=1877864544 |publisher=Intercultural Press |year=1997 |edition=2nd }}
 
</ref>
 
<ref name= Gergen>
 
{{Cite book|title=Toward a new psychology of gender |author=Susan Bordo |editor=Mary M. Gergen, Sara N. Davis |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ORGkjS57ouAC&pg=PT399 |page=p. 441 |chapter=Anorexia nervosa: psychopathology as the crystallization of culture |isbn=041591308X |year=1996 |publisher=Routledge}}
 
</ref>
 
<ref name=Goldstein>
 
{{Cite book|title=Console and Classify: The French Psychiatric Profession in the Nineteenth Century |author=Jan E. Goldstein |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=WiqKcO5OawgC&pg=PA155 |page=p. 155 |isbn=0226301613 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=2002}}
 
</ref>
 
<ref name=Halkin>
 
{{Cite book|title=Mr. Mani |url= http://books.google.com/books?id=6LIz7JPgiSoC&pg=PA338 |page=p. 338 |isbn=0156627698 |year=1993 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |edition=Hillel Halkin translation |author=Abraham B. Yehoshua}}
 
</ref>
 
<ref name=Holmes>
 
{{Cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=VGUBSxIvZSEC&pg=PA128&dq=Idée+fixe&hl=en&ei=4o2CTNn9NcL_lgeDi6Ua&sa=X&oi |title=The complete Sherlock Holmes, Volume 1 Barnes & Noble Classics |chapter=The return of Sherlock Holmes |author= Sir Arthur Conan Doyle |editor=Kyle Freeman |publisher= Spark Educational Publishing |year=2003 |isbn=1593080409 |page=p. 128}}
 
</ref>
 
<ref name=Howarth>
 
{{Cite book|title=Molière, a playwright and his audience |author=William Driver Howarth |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=4247AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA99 |page=p. 99 |isbn=0521286794 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1982}}
 
</ref>
 
<ref name=Hughes>
 
{{Cite book|title=A treatise on criminal law and procedure |author=Thomas Welburn Hughes |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=CQs-AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA36 |page =p. 36 |publisher=Bobbs-Merrill |year=1919}}
 
</ref>
 
 
<ref name=Jakes>
 
{{Cite book|title=Theoretical approaches to obsessive-compulsive disorder |author= Ian Jakes |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=MK0VfrsNRfoC&pg=PA6 |page=p. 6 |isbn=0521460581 |year=1996 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |chapter=The distinction between obsessional and psychotic thinking }}
 
</ref>
 
<ref name=Kantor>
 
{{Cite book|title=Understanding paranoia: a guide for professionals, families, and sufferers |author= Martin Kantor |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=9ia6zITbOnMC&pg=PA91 |chapter=Chapter 8: Forensic issues |pages=pp. 91 ''ff''
|isbn=0275981525 |year=2004 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group}}
 
</ref>
 
<ref name=Mucke>
 
{{Cite book|title=The seduction of the occult and the rise of the fantastic tale |author=Dorothea E. von Mücke |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=pqIzEGHtCEoC&pg=PA114 |pages=pp. 114 ''ff'' |isbn=0804738602 |year=2003 |publisher=Stanford University Press}}
 
</ref>
 
<ref name= psychology>
 
{{Cite book|title=Mind, Volume 9 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=KijkAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA94 |pages=pp. 94''ff'' |chapter=Névroses et Idées Fixes |year=1900 |publisher=Oxford University Press |author=F Raymond, Pierre Janet}}
 
</ref>
 
<ref name=Sass>
 
{{Cite book|title=International Handbook on Psychopathic Disorders and the Law |author=Alan Felthous, Henning Sass |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=8WhcGo-1MkYC&pg=PA11 |page=p. 11 |isbn=0470066385 |year=2008 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons}}
 
</ref>
</ref>




 
<ref name=gibilisco2005>
<ref name=Seaward>
{{cite book |author=Gibilisco S. |year=2005|url=http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=116740585 |title=Electricity Demystified|publisher=McGraw-Hill |chapter=Chapter 2: Charge, current, voltage |isbn=0071439250}} An entry level account by Stan Gibilisco, an electronics engineer and mathematician, author of numerous [http://www.amazon.com/Stan-Gibilisco/e/B000APZ4TW/ref=ntt_athr_dp_pel_1 technical books on electronics and mathematics].
 
{{Cite book|title=The Japanese: the often misunderstood, sometimes surprising, and always fascinating culture and lifestyles of Japan |author=Jack Seward |isbn=0844283932 |publisher=McGraw-Hill Professional |year=1992 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=lZPalph2Sk4C&pg=PA226 |page=p. 226}}
 
</ref>
</ref>


<ref name=Shapiro>
<ref name=Gothard>


{{Cite book|title= Breaking the codes: female criminality in fin-de-siècle Paris |author=Ann-Louise Shapiro |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=hPIzXY87dC0C&pg=PA100 |page=p. 100 |isbn=0804726930 |year=1996 |publisher=Stanford University Press}}
{{cite book |title=Encyclopedia of Physical Science, Volume 1 |author=Joe Rosen, Lisa Quinn Gothard |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=avyQ64LIJa0C&pg=PA278 |pages=p. 278 |isbn=0816070113 |year=2009 |publisher=Infobase Publishing}}


</ref>
</ref>


<ref name= Sims>
<ref name=Han>


{{Cite book|title=Sims' Symptoms in the mind: an introduction to descriptive psychopathology |author=Femi Oyebode |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=CGGqvUTJXEYC&pg=PA404 |isbn=0702028851 |page=p. 404 |chapter=Chapter 21: The expression of disordered personality |year=2008 |edition=Updated 4th |publisher=Saunders Ltd |page=p. 382 |chapter=Paranoid personality disorder }}
{{cite book |title=Quarks and gluons: a century of particle charges |author=M. Y. Han |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=LBb3z_-qPFoC&pg=PA116 |pages=p. 116 |isbn=9810237456 |publisher=World Scientific |year=1999}}


</ref>
</ref>


<ref name=Stahl>
{{Cite book|title=Stahl's essential psychopharmacology: Neuroscientific basis and practical applications |author=Stephen M. Stahl |chapter=Psychosis and schizophrenia |page=p. 249 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=cWbYxSfKN3cC&pg=PA249 |isbn=0521857023 |year=2008 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |edition=3rd}}


<ref name=elert2010>
{{cite web |author=Glenn Elert |year=1998-2010 |url=http://physics.info/charge/summary.shtml |title=The electric charge: Summary |work=The Physics Hypertextbook |accessdate=2011-07-27}}
</ref>
</ref>


<ref name=Tuke>
{{Cite book|title=A Dictionary of psychological medicine: giving the definition, etymology and synonyms of the terms used in medical psychology with the symptoms, treatment, and pathology of insanity and the law of lunacy in Great Britain and Ireland, Volume 2 |author=Daniel Hack Tuke |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=-tJvuxjGYU4C&pg=PA678 |page=p. 678 |year=1892 |publisher=J. & A. Churchill |quote=Some of the French alienists extend the use of the term [imperative idea] to actual delusion (''idée fixe'' ), as for instance, ideas of persecution. but it is to be hoped that [imperative idea] will be carefully restricted to that intellectual tyranny which the individual deplores and is not deluded by.}}


<ref name=elert2010b>
{{cite web |author=Glenn Elert |year=1998-2010 |url=http://physics.info/charge |title=The electric charge: Discussion |work=The Physics Hypertextbook |accessdate=2011-07-27}}
</ref>
</ref>


<ref name=Rosen>


<ref name=Versnel>
{{cite book |title=Encyclopedia of physics |author=Joe Rosen |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=HQWNJyRV6kMC&pg=PA85 |pages=p. 85 |isbn=0816049742 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |year=2004}}  
 
{{Cite book|title=Inconsistencies in Greek and Roman Religion: Ter Unus: Isis, Dionysos, Hermes  |year=1998 |edition=2nd |isbn=9004092668 |author=HS Vernel |page=p. 7 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=5fWxUKirtYEC&pg=PA7 |publisher=Koninklÿke Brill}}


</ref>
</ref>


<ref name=Zuylen>
<ref name=Webb>
 
{{Cite book|title=Monomania: the flight from everyday life in literature and art |author=Marina Van Zuylen |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=4mq6NoBaeY0C&printsec=frontcover&dq=literature+occurrence+%22Id%C3%A9e+fixe%22&hl=en&ei=EKmCTI_KLI6ksQOu9YT3Bw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Idee%20fixe&f=false |pages=pp. 10, 38, 64, 68 ... |isbn= 0801442982 |year=2005 |publisher=Cornell University Press}}


{{cite book |title=Out of this world: colliding universes, branes, strings, and other wild ideas of modern physics |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=3AJdTYu3m5sC&pg=PA190 |pages=p. 190 |isbn=0387029303 |author=Stephen Webb |publisher=Springer |year=2004}}
</ref>
</ref>
}}
}}

Revision as of 18:17, 14 August 2011

In physics and chemistry, charge is a fundamental property of matter that causes a force of attraction to (or repulsion from) spatially separate matter that likewise manifests the property of charge. Classically, two types of charge are known, magnetic and electric. The distinguishing property of electric charge is that electric charges can be isolated, while while an isolated magnetic charge or magnetic monopole never has been observed.[1][2][3][4] Electric charges interact with magnetic charges only when in relative motion one to the other.

In the physics of elementary particles, color charge is recognized as a property of quarks.[5] Color charge causes interaction between charged entities via the chromoforce, also called the color force and the strong force. As with electric and magnetic charge, color charge can be multiple valued, conventionally called red, green or blue. Color charge is not assigned a numerical value; however, a superposition in equal amounts of all three colors leads to a "neutral" color charge, a somewhat stretched analogy with the superposition of red, green and blue light to produce white light.[6] Thus, protons and neutrons, which consist of three quarks with all three colors are color-charge neutral. Quark combinations are held together by exchange of combinations of eight different gluons that also are color charged.[7][8]

The color charges of antiquarks are anticolors. The combination of a quark and an antiquark to form ameson, such as a pion, kaon and so forth, leads to a neutral color charge.

Another charge in elementary particle theory is the baryonic charge, with value +1 for all baryons and −1 for all antibaryons.

Finally, we mention the leptonic charge carried by electrons and neutrinos.[6]

References

  1. ↑ Douglas C. Giancoli. Physics for scientists and engineers with modern physics, 4rth ed. Pearson Education, p. 708. ISBN 0132273594. 
  2. ↑ Gibilisco S. (2005). “Chapter 2: Charge, current, voltage”, Electricity Demystified. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0071439250.  An entry level account by Stan Gibilisco, an electronics engineer and mathematician, author of numerous technical books on electronics and mathematics.
  3. ↑ Glenn Elert (1998-2010). The electric charge: Summary. The Physics Hypertextbook. Retrieved on 2011-07-27.
  4. ↑ Glenn Elert (1998-2010). The electric charge: Discussion. The Physics Hypertextbook. Retrieved on 2011-07-27.
  5. ↑ Stephen Webb (2004). Out of this world: colliding universes, branes, strings, and other wild ideas of modern physics. Springer, p. 190. ISBN 0387029303. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 M. Y. Han (1999). Quarks and gluons: a century of particle charges. World Scientific, p. 116. ISBN 9810237456. 
  7. ↑ Joe Rosen (2004). Encyclopedia of physics. Infobase Publishing, p. 85. ISBN 0816049742. 
  8. ↑ Joe Rosen, Lisa Quinn Gothard (2009). Encyclopedia of Physical Science, Volume 1. Infobase Publishing, p. 278. ISBN 0816070113. 
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