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'''Chloroplast''' are the signature [[organelle]] of [[eukarya|eucaryotic]] organisms capable of [[photosynthesis]]. They are tiny, somewhat football-shaped, [[Bacteria|bacteria-sized]] structures, a few micrometers in size, and there are up to several hundred in cells with high photosynthetic rates. Each chloroplast is a compartmentalized structure whose boundary consists of two [[Membrane (biology)|membranes]]. The membranes contains a semiliquid matrix, called the [[stroma]], that suspends a system of membranes, called [[thylakoids]]. The thylakoids are stacked membranes ([[grana]]) embeded with molecules of [[chlorophyll]] and other pigments that absorb energy from sunlight, the initiating step of the physico-chemical process of photosynthesis.<ref name=hallrao6>Hall DO, Rao KK. (1999) ''Photosynthesis''. 6th ed. Cambridge University Press.  ISBN 0-521-64257-4.  |  [http://tinyurl.com/ylzwu2q Google Books preview.]</ref>&nbsp;<ref name=Blankenship02>Blankenship RE (2002) ''Molecular Mechanisms of Photosynthesis''. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 0632043210; ISBN 978-0632043217</ref>&nbsp;<ref name=cooper2009>Cooper GM, Hausman RE. (2009) Chloroplasts and Other Plastids. In: ''The Cell: A Molecular Approach'' Fifth Edition, pp. 452-459. Sinauer Associates, Inc.</ref>&nbsp;<ref name=sternonplastids2008>Stern KR, Bidlack JE, Jansky S. (2008) Plastids. In: ''Introductory Plant Biology.'' 11th ed. pp. 41-42. Boston: McGraw-Hill Higher Education. ISBN 9780072830675.</ref>&nbsp;<ref name=hoober2000>Hoober JK. (2000) Chloroplast structure and development. In:  ''Photosynthesis: A Comprehensive Treatise.'' A.S. Raghavendra,editor. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521784443. | [http://books.google.com/books?id=EK0OEaFk2oYC&source=gbs_navlinks_s  Google Books preview, pp. 3-19.] | [http://www.amazon.com/reader/0521784441?_encoding=UTF8&token=97ZgP%2B65DqLCg0en28RMFH4%2FpfwEBICc2OczGTpBYlE%3D&ref_=sib%5Ffs%5Fbod&page=22#reader_0521784441 Table of Contents.] | Twenty-six chapters covering a broad range of topics in photosynthesis.</ref>
'''Chloroplasts''' are the signature [[organelle]] of [[eukarya|eucaryotic]] organisms capable of [[photosynthesis]]. They are tiny, somewhat football-shaped, [[Bacteria|bacteria-sized]] structures, a few micrometers in size, and there are up to several hundred in cells with high photosynthetic rates. Each chloroplast is a compartmentalized structure whose boundary consists of two [[Membrane (biology)|membranes]]. The membranes contains a semiliquid matrix, called the [[stroma]], that suspends a system of membranes, called [[thylakoids]]. The thylakoids are stacked membranes ([[grana]]) embeded with molecules of [[chlorophyll]] and other pigments that absorb energy from sunlight, the initiating step of the physico-chemical process of photosynthesis.<ref name=hallrao6>Hall DO, Rao KK. (1999) ''Photosynthesis''. 6th ed. Cambridge University Press.  ISBN 0-521-64257-4.  |  [http://tinyurl.com/ylzwu2q Google Books preview.]</ref>&nbsp;<ref name=Blankenship02>Blankenship RE (2002) ''Molecular Mechanisms of Photosynthesis''. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 0632043210; ISBN 978-0632043217</ref>&nbsp;<ref name=cooper2009>Cooper GM, Hausman RE. (2009) Chloroplasts and Other Plastids. In: ''The Cell: A Molecular Approach'' Fifth Edition, pp. 452-459. Sinauer Associates, Inc.</ref>&nbsp;<ref name=sternonplastids2008>Stern KR, Bidlack JE, Jansky S. (2008) Plastids. In: ''Introductory Plant Biology.'' 11th ed. pp. 41-42. Boston: McGraw-Hill Higher Education. ISBN 9780072830675.</ref>&nbsp;<ref name=hoober2000>Hoober JK. (2000) Chloroplast structure and development. In:  ''Photosynthesis: A Comprehensive Treatise.'' A.S. Raghavendra,editor. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521784443. | [http://books.google.com/books?id=EK0OEaFk2oYC&source=gbs_navlinks_s  Google Books preview, pp. 3-19.] | [http://www.amazon.com/reader/0521784441?_encoding=UTF8&token=97ZgP%2B65DqLCg0en28RMFH4%2FpfwEBICc2OczGTpBYlE%3D&ref_=sib%5Ffs%5Fbod&page=22#reader_0521784441 Table of Contents.] | Twenty-six chapters covering a broad range of topics in photosynthesis.</ref>


The domain eukarya includes photosynthesis-capable organisms in two of its four [[Kingdom (biology)|kingdoms]],<ref>
The domain eukarya includes photosynthesis-capable organisms in two of its four [[Kingdom (biology)|kingdoms]],<ref>

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Chloroplasts are the signature organelle of eucaryotic organisms capable of photosynthesis. They are tiny, somewhat football-shaped, bacteria-sized structures, a few micrometers in size, and there are up to several hundred in cells with high photosynthetic rates. Each chloroplast is a compartmentalized structure whose boundary consists of two membranes. The membranes contains a semiliquid matrix, called the stroma, that suspends a system of membranes, called thylakoids. The thylakoids are stacked membranes (grana) embeded with molecules of chlorophyll and other pigments that absorb energy from sunlight, the initiating step of the physico-chemical process of photosynthesis.[1] [2] [3] [4] [5]

The domain eukarya includes photosynthesis-capable organisms in two of its four kingdoms,[6] namely plantae (the plant kingdom) and protista (the protist kingdom), the former including photosynthesis-capable algae, mostly single-celled or colonizing members of the plant kingdom, and the green plants we see all around us The protista including diatoms, dinoflagellates, euglenids, and other members of the protist kingdom, a mixed group of mostly single-celled organisms.

References and footnotes cited in text as superscripts

  1. ↑ Hall DO, Rao KK. (1999) Photosynthesis. 6th ed. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-64257-4. | Google Books preview.
  2. ↑ Blankenship RE (2002) Molecular Mechanisms of Photosynthesis. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 0632043210; ISBN 978-0632043217
  3. ↑ Cooper GM, Hausman RE. (2009) Chloroplasts and Other Plastids. In: The Cell: A Molecular Approach Fifth Edition, pp. 452-459. Sinauer Associates, Inc.
  4. ↑ Stern KR, Bidlack JE, Jansky S. (2008) Plastids. In: Introductory Plant Biology. 11th ed. pp. 41-42. Boston: McGraw-Hill Higher Education. ISBN 9780072830675.
  5. ↑ Hoober JK. (2000) Chloroplast structure and development. In: Photosynthesis: A Comprehensive Treatise. A.S. Raghavendra,editor. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521784443. | Google Books preview, pp. 3-19. | Table of Contents. | Twenty-six chapters covering a broad range of topics in photosynthesis.
  6. ↑ Note:  See Kingdom (biology) for a more detailed discussion of the taxonomy of kingdoms in eukarya.

References and footnotes cited in text as superscripts

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