History of England/Timelines: Difference between revisions

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{{subpages}}
(Sources in addition to those shown: Bernard Grun ''The Timetables of History'', Simon & Schuster, 1991;  Norman Davies: ''The Isles, A History'',  Appendix 42, Macmillan 1999;   ''Key Dates of Parliament'', House of Commons, 2008.[[http://www.parliament.uk/about/history/keydates_1215_1900.cfm]];  .Chris Scarre (ed) ''The Human Past'', Thames and Hudson, 2005. James Ingham's translation of the ''Anglo Saxon Chronicle [http://www.postroman.info/anglo-saxon.htm])
For population estimates see the addendum subpage[http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Britain%2C_history/Addendum]
{{TOC|right}}
==Prehistory==
: Canyon Cave Man [c 8980 BCE]
: Cheddar Man [http://www.trussel.com/prehist/news11.htm][http://piclib.nhm.ac.uk/piclib/www/image.php?img=57737&frm=ser&search=man] [c 7,000 BCE]
: '''The Sleeve''' (La Manche) The English Channel[http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/English_Channel#encyclopedia] separates Britain from the European mainland [c 6000 to 4000 BCE].
: Farmers in Britain and Ireland [from c 4000 BCE]
:  The Beaker people [http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=22098] [c 2500 to 1600].
:  Megalith builders [http://www.megalithic.co.uk/topics.php?countries=1]
:: - Stonehenge[http://www.stonehenge-avebury.net/].[c 3000 to 1500 BCE]
==600 BCE to 48 CE==
'''Celtic immigration'''[http://www.britainexpress.com/History/Celtic_Britain.htm]
: Goidals reach Ireland and Brythons reach Britain[http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/H/history/c-d/celts.html]
: Bell Beaker, Halstatt and La Tené cultures.
==49 to 410 CE ==
'''Roman occupation''' 49 - 410 CE
: Claudius begins the conquest [49 CE]
: Rebellion of the Iceni - led by Queen Boudica [http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/H/history/a-b/boud1.html] [61 AD]
: Agricola[http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/agricola_gnaeus_julius.shtml][78 AD]
: Hadrian's wall[http://museums.ncl.ac.uk/wallnet/wall/index.htm] [122 CE]
: Christianity reaches Britain [200+]
:: St Alban's martrydom[http://www.stalbanscathedral.org.uk/story-of-alban.htm]
: Septimus Severus' campaign  [208-211}
: Edict of Caracalla - all free men eligible for Roman citizenship [212]
: Constantius' Caledonian campaign[http://www.dot-domesday.me.uk/division.htm][306]
: Edict of Milan - the tolerance of Christianity[http://ancienthistory.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?zi=1/XJ&sdn=ancienthistory&cdn=education&tm=19&f=21&tt=8&bt=1&bts=1&zu=http%3A//gbgm-umc.org/umw/bible/milan.stm] [313]
: Council of Arles - attended by 3 British bishops[http://www.elfinspell.com/PrimarySourceCouncilofArles.html] [314]
: Council of Nicea[http://www.columbia.edu/cu/augustine/arch/sbrandt/nicea.htm]
: Theodosius' campaign against Picts and Scots [367]
: Christianity becomes Rome's state religion - Emperor Theodosius forbids other forms of worship [http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/romans/roman_religion_gallery_09.shtml] (391).
: Withdrawal of the legions [401]
: The end of Britain's allegiance to Rome [410]
==400 to 800 ==
'''Celtic Ireland'''
:Saint Palladius[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11424a.htm] becomes first Bishop of Ireland - having been sent to Ireland by Pope Celestine [431].
:Saint Patrick(432-c459)[http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/saints/patrick_1.shtml] returns to Ireland and helps to spread Christianity there. [432]
:::: - becomes Bishop of Ireland following the transfer of Palladius to Ireland.
'''Saxon Britain'''
''(the term Saxon is used in this article to  refer to people from Northern Germany that are sometimes known as Angles, Saxons and Jutes)''
: Scotti from the Irish kingdom of Dal Riada settle on Argyll in Scotland.
: Saint Ninian[http://www.whithorn.com/saint-ninian.htm] [http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/scottishhistory/earlychurch/features_earlychurch_ninian.shtml] founds a monastery in Scotland [400?].
: King Vortigern(c425-c459)[http://www.vortigernstudies.org.uk/vortigernhomepage.htm] of Kent  invites a force  of Saxon mercenaries under Hengist(?) [http://www.battle1066.com/g144.shtml] to help him defeat his enemies. [449]
: Ambrosius Aurelanius (c460-c475) leads resistance to the Saxons
: King Arthur(?)(c475-c515)[http://www.geocities.com/vortigernstudies/bibliograrth.htm] takes over leadership of resistence the Saxons.
:: Saxons defeated at Mount Badon[http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/FeaturesBritain/BritishMountBadon.htm] [500?]
: Gradual disintegration of the British state following death of Arthur followed by local rule by various warlords.
: Aethelferth of Northumbria and Aethelbert of Kent share total control of England (605?) completing the Saxon takeover of England.
: Saint Columba[http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/scottishhistory/earlychurch/features_earlychurch_iona.shtml] lands on Iona in Western Scotland, founds a monastery there [563] and converts the Scotti of Dal Riada to Christianity
:The Book of Kells[http://www.fontcraft.com/artype/kells/][http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A699023]  illuminated  manuscript thought to have been the work of the monks of Iona.
: Saint David(c550-589) [http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/saints/david_1.shtml]helps to spread Christianity among the pagan Celtic tribes of Western Britain and becomes Archbishop of Wales
: Saint Augustine(597-604) [http://saints.sqpn.com/sainta14.htm] becomes Archbishop of Canterbury, having been sent to Britain by Pope Gregory with 40 other monks (597).
: Saint Aidan travels from the monastery of Iona to Northumbria, becomes Bishop of Lindisfarne (634-51) and helps convert Northumbria to Christianity[http://www.saintpatrickdc.org/ss/0831.shtml].
: Synod of Whitby (664)[http://knol.google.com/k/julian-l-freeman/the-synod-of-whitby-ad-664/vhr71n1u7gm1/8#] -  Augustine persuades representatives of the indigenous Christian church to accept Roman practice.
: Adam Bede's [http://csis.pace.edu/grendel/projs991b/bede.html]''History of the English Church and People''(731).
==801 to 1066==
: '''Viking and Danish invasions'''
:: Viking settlements at Dublin[http://www.viking.no/e/info-sheets/ireland/firehous.htm], Waterford and Limerick [914-920]
:: First wave of Danish invasions of England
::Danes occupy York
:: Alfred the Great, King of Wessex [http://www.ogdoad.force9.co.uk/alfred/alfredintro.htm](871-899)
:: Alfred takes refuge from his enemies in the Somerset marshes[http://www.trin.cam.ac.uk/chartwww/athelneycart.html] (878)
:: Danish armies take control of all of England except the kingdom of Wessex (865-879)
:: Alfred commissions the writing of the Anglo Saxon Chronicle [http://www.postroman.info/anglo-saxon.htm]
:: Alfred recaptures London (885)
:: Second Danish invasion (890)
:: Massacre of Danes on St Brice's day[http://www.btinternet.com/~alan.catherine/wargames/brice.htm] (1002)
:: Danish Conquest of England (1013)
:: Brian Boru, High King of Ireland, (reigned 1002-14), defeated  the  Vikings at Battle of Clontarf[http://www.irelandseye.com/aarticles/history/events/dates/clntrf01.shtm], Co.Dublin, (1014)
:: Canute the Great[http://www.englishmonarchs.co.uk/vikings_2.htm], King of Denmark and England (1016-1035), and the Danish conversion to Christianity
:: Edward the Confessor made King (1042)
:: Harold (1035 - 1066) becomes King of England (1066)
:: Battle of Dunsinane [http://www.probertencyclopaedia.com/cgi-bin/res.pl?keyword=Battle+of+Dunsinane&offset=0](1054) - Malcolm Canmore defeats of MacBeth at Dunsinane with the help of Edward the Confessor and becomes Malcolm III King of Scotland
:: Harold subdues Wales[http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/history/sites/themes/periods/medieval_normans03.shtml] (1063)
==1066-1154==
==1066-1154==
'''Norman Conquest'''
'''Norman Conquest'''
Line 100: Line 13:
:: Treaty of Winchester[http://vi.uh.edu/pages/bob/elhone/seisin.html] -an agreement that Matilda's son Henry was to be Stephen's successor.
:: Treaty of Winchester[http://vi.uh.edu/pages/bob/elhone/seisin.html] -an agreement that Matilda's son Henry was to be Stephen's successor.
:The Welsh Marches [http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/history/sites/themes/periods/medieval_normans05.shtml]
:The Welsh Marches [http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/history/sites/themes/periods/medieval_normans05.shtml]
==1154- 1216==
:[[Henry II]][http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/sceptred_isle/page/15.shtml?question=15] (1154-1189)
:Thomas à Becket Archbishop of Canterbury (1162 -1170)
:Rory O'Connor, High King of Ireland [1166-1175]
:[[Richard I ]](1189 - 1199)
:Norman invasion of Ireland[http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/middle_ages/ireland_invasion_03.shtml]
::Irish kings do homage to Henry II (1171)
:Third Crusade 1189
:[[King John]](1199 - 1216)
::Ireland is formally designated a part of the Kingdom of England
:Magna Carta[http://www.bl.uk/treasures/magnacarta/index.html] (1215) - the founding principles of the British constitution.<br>
==13th century==
:[[Henry III]] (1216 - 1272)
::The Provisions of Oxford[http://highmiddleages.suite101.com/article.cfm/the_provisions_of_oxford] - Simon de Monfort's parliamentary reforms. (The Great Council is now referred to as a "parliament")
:[[Edward I ]] (1272 - 1307)
:: "Model Parliament" (1295)[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2242/is_n1558_v267/ai_18038959/]  - summoned by Edward I with extended representation compared with earlier parliaments.
: "The Auld Alliance"[http://www.probertencyclopaedia.com/cgi-bin/res.pl?keyword=Battle+of+Dunsinane&offset=0] between Scotland and France (1295)
: Battle of Stirling Bridge - at which a Scottish army led by William Wallace defeated the English
: John Baliol yields Scottish Throne to Edward I who thus becomes King of Scotland (1296 -1306)
==14th century==
1300&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Edward I invades Scotland.
1307&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;  [[Edward II]] (1307-1327)
1320&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Declaration of Arbroath[http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/scottishhistory/independence/features_independence_arbroath.shtml]
- a plea to the Pope for Scotland's independence.
1327&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Edward III] (1327 - 1377)
1337&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Beginning of Hundred Years War[http://www.theotherside.co.uk/tm-heritage/background/100yearswar.htm]
1348-50 &nbsp;The Black Death[http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/middle_ages/black_01.shtml] reduces the population by about 1/3
1366&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Statutes of Kilkenny [http://www.uhb.fr/langues/cei/statkkgb.htm]
1377&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Richard II]] (1377-1399)
1381&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Peasant's Revolt [http://www.britishhistoryclub.com/bhc/history/peasants_revolt.html].- against taxes and serfdom.
1390&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Richard III's Irish expedition
1399&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Henry IV]] (1399 -1413)
==15th century==
1413 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Henry V]] (1413-22)
1415 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Agincourt
1422 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Henry VI (1422-61)
1453 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;End of Hundred Years War - leaving England with no French possessions except Calais.
1455 -1485 The Wars of the Roses[http://www.warsoftheroses.com/]
::1460 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Statute of Drogheda - proclaims Ireland's separate status.
1461 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Edward IV]] (1461-83)
1476 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Caxton's printing press[http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/caxton_william.shtml]
1483 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Richard III]] (1483-85)
'''Tudor Era''' 1485-1605
1485 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Henry VII]] (1485-1509)
==16th century==
1509 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Henry VIII]] (1509-47)
1534 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The Act of Supremacy[http://www.britainexpress.com/History/tudor/supremacy-henry-text.htm] - makes Henry VIII the head of the new Anglican Church, legalising the break with Rome.
1535 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Thomas More[http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/more_sir_thomas.shtml], Lord Chancellor,  executed for refusing to recognise the break with Rome.
1541 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Henry VIII  is declared King of Ireland[http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/henry_viii_ireland.htm]
1547 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Edward VI]] (1547-53)
1549 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Cranmer's English Prayer Book[http://justus.anglican.org/resources/bcp/1549/BCP_1549.htm] (revised 1552).
1553 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Mary I]][http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/mary_i_queen.shtml] becomes Queen, reimposes Cathoiicism and crushes Wyatt's rebellion[http://www.britainexpress.com/History/tudor/wyatt-rebellion.htm].
1558 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Elizabeth I]] [http://www.elizabethi.org/](1559-1603)
1559 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The Armada [http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/H/history/pirates/armada1.html] - an unsuccessful attempt at invasion.
1562 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The 39 Articles[http://www.britainexpress.com/History/tudor/39articles-text.htm] -  the beliefs to be practised by the  Anglican church.
1570 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Gunpowder Plot[http://www.gunpowderplot.parliament.uk/]
==17th century==
'''Stuart Era''' 1605-1688
1605 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[[James I]] (1603-25).
1625 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Charles I]] (1625-49)
1642 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Charles I enters the Commons to arrest dissidents and is defied by  the Speaker.
1643-46&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; '''Civil War'''[http://easyweb.easynet.co.uk/~crossby/ECW/].
:1644 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Marston Moor
:1645 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Naseby
:1646 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;  Surrender of the King's army at Oxford and capture of the King
:1648 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Execution of the King after his escape and recapture
1649 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Oliver Cromwell]] declares England  to be a Commonwealth.
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Cromwell invades Ireland.
1660 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Restoration. [[Charles II]] (1660-85)
1665 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Great Plague [http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/H/history/plague/index.html]
1666 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Fire of London [http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/H/history/fire/]
1673 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Test Act. Catholics excluded from office.
1685  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[[James II]] (1685-88)<br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Monmouth Rebellion.
1688 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''"The Glorious Revolution" and Bill of Rights '''[http://www.parliament.uk/documents/upload/g04.pdf] - limited the power of the king over Parliament.
1689  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[[William and Mary]].
1690  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The Battle of the Boyne[http://www.iol.ie/~kevins/boyne/index_boyne.html]
1694  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The [[Bank of England]] [http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/about/history/index.htm]
==18th century==
1707 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''Act of Union''' - with Scotland [http://www.parliament.uk/actofunion/].
1713 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Treaty of Utrecht.
1714  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Hanoverian succession.<br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;George I (1714-27)
1727 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Geoge II]] (1727-1760)
1715 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;First Jacobite Rising
1739-48 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;War of Jenkins Ear - with Spain.
1744-8 War of the Austrian Succession.
1745 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Second Jacobite Rising - "the '45"
1746 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Battle of Culloden.
'''Industrial Revolution'''[http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/modsbook14.html] 1715-1815
1756-63 Seven Years War - acquisition of India and Canada.
1760 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[[George III]] (1760-1820).
'''War of American Independence'''[http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/rebels_redcoats_01.shtml] 1775 -81<br> - the creation of the United States of America.
1783 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Rotunda Parliament
1787 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Kingdom of Ireland granted autonomy.
'''Napoleonic Wars''' 1789 - 1815.
==19th century==
1801 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''Act of Union''' - with Ireland.
1805 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Battle of Trafalgar.
1815 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Battle of Waterloo.
1820 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[[George IV]] (1820-30).
1830 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[[William IV]] (1830-37).
1832 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; '''Reform Act''' Raised the  proportion of adult English males entitled to vote to 20 per cent.
1837 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;  [[Queen Victoria]] (1837-1901)/
'''Irish Famine''' 1845-1850.
1846 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Repeal of Corn Laws.
'''Crimean War''' 1833 - 36.
'''Indian Mutiny''' 1857 - 8.
1874 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Disraeli's First Conservative Government (1874-80).
1880 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Gladstone's Liberal Government.
1898 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Battle of Omdurman
1899-1902 Boer War.
==20th century==
1902-05 Balfour's Conservative Government.
1902 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Edward VII (1902-10).
1905-08  Campbell-Bannerman's Liberal Government.
1908-1915 Asquith's Liberal Government (Lloyd George Chancellor of the Exchequer)
1911  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;George V (1911-36).<br>  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Lloyd George's National Insurance Bill.
'''First World War.''' 1914-18
1915-16 Asquith's Coalition Government.
1916 Easter Rising
===The inter-war years===
1918 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Representation of the People Act - gave the vote to men over 21 and women over 30 - increasing the electorate from 8 million to 21 million.
1919 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Treaty of Versailles.
1919-23 Lloyd George's Coalition Governments.
1920 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''Ireland gets Home Rule'''.
1922-23 Bonar Law's Conservative Government.
1923-24 Baldwin's First Conservative Government
1924 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Macdonald's First Labour Government.
1924-29 Baldwin's Second Conservative Government.
1926 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;General Strike.<br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Baird's television system.
1928  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Fleming discovers penicillin
1929-31 Macdonald's Second Labour Government.
1931 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Britain leaves the gold standard.
1931-35 Macdonald's National Government.
1935-37 Baldwin's National Government.
1936 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Abdication of Edward VII.
1937 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;George VI (1937-52}
1937-40 Chamberlain's Conservative Government.
1938 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Munich Pact with Germany.
'''Second World War''' 1939-45
1940-45 Churchill's Wartime Coalition Government.
===Post-war Britain===
1945 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Churchill's  First Conservative Government.
1945-51 Clement  Atlee's Labour Government
1948 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; National Health Service.
1951-55 Winston Churchill's Second Conservative Government.
1953 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Elizabeth II.<br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Crick and Watson establish the structure of DNA.
1955-57 Anthony Eden's Conservative Government.
1956 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Suez war.
1957-63 Harold MacMillan's  Conservative Government.
1963-70  Home's Conservative Government.
1970-79 Edward Heath's  Conservative Governments.
1973 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''Britain joins the European Community'''. European Communities Act[http://www.opsi.gov.uk/Acts/acts1972/ukpga_19720068_en_1] makes '''EC law enforceable in the UK'''.
1979-1990 Thatcher's Conservative Governments.
1986  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Single European Act - introduced '''Qualified Majority Voting''' to most European Union decisions [http://www.eurotreaties.com/eurotexts.html].
1982  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Falklands war.
1990  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Major's Conservative Government
1997 - 2007 Tony Blair's New Labour Government[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/uk_politics/2007/blair_years/default.stm]
==21st century==
'''Iraq War''' (2003 - 09)
: [[Crash of 2008]]
:[[Recession of 2008]]
: Gordon Brown's Labour Government (2007 -  )

Revision as of 23:58, 6 August 2009

1066-1154

Norman Conquest

William I (1066 - 1087
Treaty of Abernethy (1072) - Malcolm III of Scotland swears allegiance to William the Conquerer[1] (and later to Rufus[2] (1091)).
Domesday Book (1086)[3]
William II (1087 - 1100)
First Crusade (1096)
Feudal system [4].
Henry I (1100 - 1135)
David I of Scotland invites Norman barons to establish estates in Scotland (1124)
Stephen (1135 - 1154)
The Anarchy (1135 - 1154)- an armed dispute over the succession between Stephen and Matilda
Treaty of Winchester[5] -an agreement that Matilda's son Henry was to be Stephen's successor.
The Welsh Marches [6]
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