English noun/Catalogs/English irregular nouns: Difference between revisions

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{{subpages}}The normal way to form a plural noun in '''English''' is to add -'''s''' or, after '''s''', '''z''', '''ch''' and '''sh''', -'''es'''.  Words ending in -'''ŷ''' replace it with -'''íes'''. But there are also many '''irregular nouns''', some with English roots, others with plural forms from Latin, Greek, French, Italian and Hebrew. (The accents, which are not part of the language, are included to show stress and pronunciation: see [[English spellings]] for a table and  [[English phonemes]] for the [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]. Words in ''italics'' suggest meaning, and an equals sign is placed between [[homophones]].)  
{{subpages}}The normal way to form a plural noun in '''English''' is to add -'''s''' or, after '''s''', '''z''', '''ch''' and '''sh''', -'''es'''.  Words ending in -'''ŷ''' replace it with -'''íes'''. But there are also many '''irregular nouns''', some with English roots, others with plural forms from Latin, Greek, French, Italian and Hebrew. (The accents, which are not part of the language, are included to show stress and pronunciation: see [[English spellings]] for a table and  [[English phonemes]] for the [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]. Words in ''italics'' suggest meaning, and an equals sign is placed between [[homophones]].)  


Nouns in -'''o''' which always change to -'''ôes''' in the plural are included in the table below; others are regular, ending in -'''ôs''', while '''búffalo, càrgo, hâlo, mosquìto''' (-skì-), '''mótto, nô, tornâdo, volcâno''' and '''zêro''' can be seen with both -'''ôs''' and -'''ôes'''.  
Nouns in -'''o''' that always change to -'''ôes''' in the plural are included in the table below; others are regular, ending in -'''ôs''', while '''búffalo, càrgo, hâlo, mosquìto''' (-skì-), '''mótto, nô, tornâdo, volcâno''' and '''zêro''' can be seen with both -'''ôs''' and -'''ôes'''.  
Nouns of Latin origin in -'''us''' which always have -'''î''' in the plural are listed below, while '''cáctus, fôcus, fúngus, hippopótamus''', '''óctopus''' and '''sýllabus''' can have both -'''î''' and -'''uses'''.  
Nouns of Latin origin in -'''us''' that always have -'''î''' in the plural are listed below, while '''cáctus, fôcus, fúngus, hippopótamus''', '''óctopus''' and '''sýllabus''' can have both -'''î''' and -'''uses'''.  
Nouns of Greek origin in -'''sís''' (-ssíss), '''análysis, áxis, bâsis, crîsis, diagnôsis, émphasis, hypóthesis, neurôsis, oâsis, parénthesis, synópsis, sýnthesis''' and '''thêsis''' have their plurals in -'''sês''' (-ssêez): '''análysês''' (*ənáləssêez) etc.
Nouns of Greek origin in -'''sís''' (-ssíss), '''análysis, áxis, bâsis, crîsis, diagnôsis, émphasis, hypóthesis, neurôsis, oâsis, parénthesis, synópsis, sýnthesis''' and '''thêsis''' have their plurals in -'''sês''' (-ssêez): '''análysês''' (*ənáləssêez) etc.

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https://en.citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=English_noun/Catalogs/English_irregular_nouns&printable=yes
Template:English irregular nouns header

Template:English irregular nouns footerThe normal way to form a plural noun in English is to add -s or, after s, z, ch and sh, -es. Words ending in -ŷ replace it with -íes. But there are also many irregular nouns, some with English roots, others with plural forms from Latin, Greek, French, Italian and Hebrew. (The accents, which are not part of the language, are included to show stress and pronunciation: see English spellings for a table and English phonemes for the IPA. Words in italics suggest meaning, and an equals sign is placed between homophones.)

Nouns in -o that always change to -ôes in the plural are included in the table below; others are regular, ending in -ôs, while búffalo, càrgo, hâlo, mosquìto (-skì-), mótto, nô, tornâdo, volcâno and zêro can be seen with both -ôs and -ôes.

Nouns of Latin origin in -us that always have -î in the plural are listed below, while cáctus, fôcus, fúngus, hippopótamus, óctopus and sýllabus can have both -î and -uses.

Nouns of Greek origin in -sís (-ssíss), análysis, áxis, bâsis, crîsis, diagnôsis, émphasis, hypóthesis, neurôsis, oâsis, parénthesis, synópsis, sýnthesis and thêsis have their plurals in -sês (-ssêez): análysês (*ənáləssêez) etc.

Nouns of Latin origin in -ndum, addéndum, referéndum and memorándum, change to -nda: addénda, referénda, memoránda.

Apart from vŏrtex, plural vŏrtices (-tíssêez), nouns of Latin origin in -ex and -íx (âpex, appéndix, cërvix, índex and mâtrix) have plurals in both -icês and -xes (-xíz).

The following have the same form in the singular and plural: bárracks, cód, cróssroads, dêer animal (= dêar loved, expensive), dîce, físh (dîe as the singular of dîce and físhes as the plural of físh are archaic), gállows, hálibut, héadquarters, mêans, óffspring, përch fish (përch position has përches), pîke, sálmon (*sámmon), sêries, shêep, spêcies (-shíz), tròut and tûna.

In the case of bròther, there exist plurals with different meanings, one regular, the other irregular, so that only one of the forms is correct in a given context: bròthers family, bréthren church.

In the table, prefixed nouns are not included if their plural endings are the same as that of the root noun: for example the plural of snôwmán is snôwmén.

Table of irregular nouns

Singular Plural
bactêrium bactêria
chîld chíldren
goôse gêese
lôaf lôaves
nûclêus nûclêî
phenómenon phenómena
vŏrtex vŏrticês (-íssêez)
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