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The '''ADMS 4''' (Atmospheric Dispersion Modelling System) is an advanced [[atmospheric dispersion modeling|atmospheric pollution dispersion model]] for calculating concentrations of [[air pollutants|atmospheric pollutants]] emitted both [[Air pollution dispersion terminology|continuously]] from [[Air pollution dispersion terminology|point, line, volume and area sources]], or [[Air pollution dispersion terminology|intermittently]] from point sources. <ref>[http://www.epa.gov/scram001/dispersion_alt.htm#adms3  US Environmental Protection Agency "SCRAM" website]</ref> It was developed by Cambridge Environmental Research Consultants (CERC) of the UK in collaboration with the [[UK Met Office|UK Meteorological Office]], [[National Power|National Power plc]] (now INNOGY Holdings plc) and the [[University of Surrey]]. The first version of ADMS was released in 1993 and the current version 4 was released in XXXX.<ref name=CERC>[http://www.cerc.co.uk/software/index.htm The CERC web site pages about ADMS 4]</ref>
The terms '''upstream, midstream and downstream''' are often used to refer to the major sectors of the [[petroleum industry]].


== The upstream sector ==
==Features and capabilities of the ADMS 4==


The '''upstream''' sector involves the exploration for and extraction of [[petroleum crude oil]] and [[natural gas]]. The upstream oil sector is also known as the '''''exploration and production (E&P)''''' sector.
The model includes [[algorithm]]s which take into account: [[Air pollution dispersion terminology|downwash]] effects of nearby buildings within the path of the dispersing pollution plume; effects of complex terrain; effects of coastline locations; [[Air pollution dispersion terminology|wet deposition]], gravitational settling and [[Air pollution dispersion terminology|dry deposition]]; short term fluctuations in pollutant concentration; chemical reactions; [[radioactive decay]] and gamma-dose; [[Atmospheric dispersion modeling#The Briggs plume rise equations|pollution plume rise]] as a function of distance; jets and directional releases; averaging time ranging from very short to annual; and condensed plume visibility. The system also includes a [[Meteorology|meteorological]] data input preprocessor. <ref name=CERC/>


The upstream sector includes the searching for potential underground or underwater oil and gas fields, drilling of exploratory wells, and subsequently operating the wells that recover and bring the [[petroleum crude oil]] and/or raw [[natural gas]] to the surface.
The model is capable of simulating [[Air pollution dispersion terminology|passive or buoyant]] continuous plumes as well as short duration [[Air pollution dispersion terminology|puff]] releases. It characterizes the [[Air pollution dispersion terminology|atmospheric turbulence]] by two parameters, the [[boundary layer]] depth and the [[Monin-Obukhov length]], rather the single parameter [[Air pollution dispersion terminology|Pasquill class]]. <ref name=CERC/>


== The midstream sector ==
ADMS 4 can simultaneously model up to 100 [[emission]] sources, of which: <ref name=CERC/>


The '''midstream''' involves storing, marketing and transporting petroleum crude oil, natural gas, [[natural gas liquids]] (mainly [[ethane]], [[propane]] and [[butane]]) and byproduct [[sulfur]]. Midstream operations are sometimes included in the downstream category.
* up to 100 may be point or jet sources
* up to 6 may be line, area or volume sources
* 1 may be a line source


== The downstream sector ==
The performance of the model has been evaluated against various  measured dispersion data sets. <ref>Hanna, Steven R et al. (2201), ''Evaluation of the ADMS, AERMOD, and ISC3 dispersion models with the OPTEX, Duke Forest, Kincaid, Indianapolis and Lovett field data sets'', International Journal of Environment and Pollution, Volume 16, Numbers 1-6, pp 301-314. &nbsp;[http://inderscience.metapress.com/(3tl2v4a4s1tiyk55zjfhsr45)/app/home/contribution.asp?referrer=parent&backto=issue,27,55;journal,39,58;linkingpublicationresults,1:110851,1 Inderscience Publishers]</ref>


The '''downstream''' sector involves the [[Petroleum refining processes|refining]] of petroleum crude oil and the [[Natural gas processing|processing of raw natural gas]]. It includes the selling and distribution of processed natural gas and the products derived from petroleum crude oil such as  [[liquified petroleum gas]] (LPG), [[Gasoline|gasoline]] (or petrol), [[jet fuel]], [[diesel oil]], other [[fuel oil]]s, [[Asphalt  (petroleum)|petroleum asphalt]] and [[petroleum coke]].
==Users of the ADMS 3==


The downstream sector includes [[Petroleum refining processes|petroleum refineries]],<ref>{{cite book|author=Gary, J.H. and Handwerk, G.E.|title=Petroleum Refining Technology and Economics|edition=2nd Edition|publisher=Marcel Dekker, Inc|year=1984|isbn=0-8247-7150-8}}</ref> petroleum product distribution, retail outlets and natural gas distribution companies.
The users of ADMS 3 include:


=== Byproduct sulphur ===
* Governmental regulatory authorities including the [[Health and Safety Executive|UK Health and Safety Executive]] (HSE)
* [[Environment Agency]] of England and Wales
* Over 130 individual company licence holders in the UK
* [[Scottish Environment Protection Agency]] (SEPA) in Scotland
* [[Northern Ireland Environment Agency]]
* Governmental organisations including the [[Food Standards Agency]] (UK)
* Users in other European countries, Asia, Australia and the Middle East
* Accepted by the [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|US Environmental Protection Agency]] as an "Alternative" model


Petroleum crude oil is a mixture of hundreds of [[hydrocarbon]]s, many of which contain sulfur that is removed during the refining of the crude oil. Raw natural gas also has sulfur-containing compounds, which are removed in processing of the raw natural gas before it is distributed to consumers. The sulfur-containing compounds removed in the refining and processing of petroleum crude oil and raw natural gas are subsequently converted into byproduct elemental sulfur. The production and marketing of the byproduct sulfur is considered to be part of the downstream sector.
==References==
 
{{reflist}}
The vast majority of the 64,000,000 metric tons of sulfur produced worldwide in 2005 was byproduct sulphur from refineries and natural gas processing plants.<ref>[http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/sulfur/sulfumcs06.pdf Sulfur production report] by the [[United States Geological Survey]]</ref>
 
=== Petrochemical industry ===


The [[Petrochemicals|petrochemical industry]] is not generally considered to be a part of the petroleum industry. However, it is sometimes listed  as a part of the downstream sector and sometimes as a fourth sector of the petroleum industry.
-------------------------------------------------


== References ==
'''External links'''<br/>
{{reflist}}
*[http://pandora.meng.auth.gr/mds/showlong.php?id=99&MTG_Session=6a11721c04dd2fb5462c9c882dfbfc4a Model Documentation System] (Topic Centre of European Environment Agency)
*[http://www.cerc.co.uk/software/pubs/ADMS_3_3_Flat_terrain_Validation%20Document_Sep05.pdf ADMS 3 Validation Summary]

Revision as of 02:55, 7 July 2009

The ADMS 4 (Atmospheric Dispersion Modelling System) is an advanced atmospheric pollution dispersion model for calculating concentrations of atmospheric pollutants emitted both continuously from point, line, volume and area sources, or intermittently from point sources. [1] It was developed by Cambridge Environmental Research Consultants (CERC) of the UK in collaboration with the UK Meteorological Office, National Power plc (now INNOGY Holdings plc) and the University of Surrey. The first version of ADMS was released in 1993 and the current version 4 was released in XXXX.[2]

Features and capabilities of the ADMS 4

The model includes algorithms which take into account: downwash effects of nearby buildings within the path of the dispersing pollution plume; effects of complex terrain; effects of coastline locations; wet deposition, gravitational settling and dry deposition; short term fluctuations in pollutant concentration; chemical reactions; radioactive decay and gamma-dose; pollution plume rise as a function of distance; jets and directional releases; averaging time ranging from very short to annual; and condensed plume visibility. The system also includes a meteorological data input preprocessor. [2]

The model is capable of simulating passive or buoyant continuous plumes as well as short duration puff releases. It characterizes the atmospheric turbulence by two parameters, the boundary layer depth and the Monin-Obukhov length, rather the single parameter Pasquill class. [2]

ADMS 4 can simultaneously model up to 100 emission sources, of which: [2]

  • up to 100 may be point or jet sources
  • up to 6 may be line, area or volume sources
  • 1 may be a line source

The performance of the model has been evaluated against various measured dispersion data sets. [3]

Users of the ADMS 3

The users of ADMS 3 include:

References

  1. ↑ US Environmental Protection Agency "SCRAM" website
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 The CERC web site pages about ADMS 4
  3. ↑ Hanna, Steven R et al. (2201), Evaluation of the ADMS, AERMOD, and ISC3 dispersion models with the OPTEX, Duke Forest, Kincaid, Indianapolis and Lovett field data sets, International Journal of Environment and Pollution, Volume 16, Numbers 1-6, pp 301-314.  Inderscience Publishers

External links

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