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'''Petrochemicals''' are [[Chemistry|chemical]] products made from the [[hydrocarbon]]s present in raw [[natural gas]] and [[Petroleum|petroleum crude oil]]. The largest petrochemical manufacturing industries are to be found in the [[United States]], [[Europe|Western Europe]], [[Asia]] and the [[Middle East]]. | '''Petrochemicals''' are [[Chemistry|chemical]] products made from the [[hydrocarbon]]s present in raw [[natural gas]] and [[Petroleum|petroleum crude oil]]. The largest petrochemical manufacturing industries are to be found in the [[United States]], [[Europe|Western Europe]], [[Asia]] and the [[Middle East]]. | ||
A relatively small number of hydyrocarbon feedstocks form the basis of the petrochemical industries, namely [[methane]], [[ethylene]], [[propylene]], [[butene]]s, [[butadiene]], [[benzene]], [[toluene]] and [[xylene]]s | A relatively small number of hydyrocarbon feedstocks form the basis of the petrochemical industries, namely [[methane]], [[ethylene]], [[propylene]], [[butene]]s, [[butadiene]], [[benzene]], [[toluene]] and [[xylene]]s.<ref name=Meyers>{{cite book|author=Richard Meyers|title=The Basics of Chemistry|edition=|publisher=Greenwood Press|year=2003|id=ISBN 0-313-31664-3}}</ref><ref name=HP>{{cite journal|author=Staff |year=2001 |month=March|title=Petrochemical Processes 2001 |journal=Hydrocarbon Processing |volume= |issue= |pages=pp. 71-246 |id=ISSN 0887-0284}}</ref> | ||
The annual worldwide market for petrochemicals has been estimated as about $250,000,000,000. | The annual worldwide market for petrochemicals has been estimated as about $250,000,000,000. | ||
Products Made from Petrochemicals include plastics, soaps, detergents, solvents (such as paint thinner), paints, drugs, fertilizer, pesticides, explosives, synthetic fibers and rubbers, and flooring and insulating materials. Petrochemicals are found in such common products as aspirin, cars, clothing, compact discs, video tapes, electronic equipment, furniture, and much more. | |||
2,980 operative petrochemical plants with 8,675 personnel in 4,320 locations | |||
==Feedstocks sources== | ==Feedstocks sources== | ||
Revision as of 23:00, 2 July 2009
Petrochemicals are chemical products made from the hydrocarbons present in raw natural gas and petroleum crude oil. The largest petrochemical manufacturing industries are to be found in the United States, Western Europe, Asia and the Middle East.
A relatively small number of hydyrocarbon feedstocks form the basis of the petrochemical industries, namely methane, ethylene, propylene, butenes, butadiene, benzene, toluene and xylenes.[1][2]
The annual worldwide market for petrochemicals has been estimated as about $250,000,000,000.
Products Made from Petrochemicals include plastics, soaps, detergents, solvents (such as paint thinner), paints, drugs, fertilizer, pesticides, explosives, synthetic fibers and rubbers, and flooring and insulating materials. Petrochemicals are found in such common products as aspirin, cars, clothing, compact discs, video tapes, electronic equipment, furniture, and much more.
2,980 operative petrochemical plants with 8,675 personnel in 4,320 locations
Feedstocks sources
The major hydrocarbon sources used in producing petrochemicals are:[2][3][4]
- Methane, ethane, propane and butanes: Obtained primarily from natural gas processing plants.
- Naphtha obtained from petroleum refineries.
- Benzene, toluene and xylenes, as a whole referred to as BTX and primarily obtained from petroleum refineries.
- Gas oil obtained from petroleum refineries.
Methane and BTX are used directly as feedstocks for producing petrochemicals.
However, the ethane, propane, butanes, naphtha and gas oil serve as optional feedstocks for processing in steam-assisted thermal cracking plants known as steam crackers to produce these intermediate petrochemical feedstocks:
- Ethylene
- Propylene
- Butenes and butadiene
- Benzene
In 2008, the amounts of ethylene and propylene produced in steam crackers were about 125 Mt (megatonnes) and 75 Mt, respectively.
The adjacent diagram depicts the all of the major petrochemical feedstocks.
Feedstocks and example petrochemical products
| methane | ethylene | propylene | butenes and butadienes | benzene | toluene | xylenes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| hydrogen | polyethylene | polypropylene | styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) | styrene | benzoic acid | phthalic anhydride |
| ammonia | ethanol | isopropanol | methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) | polystyrene | toluene diisocyanate | polyesters |
| methanol | ethylene glycol | propylene glycol | polybutadiene | phenol | polyurethanes | dimethyl terephthalate |
| methyl chloride | vinyl acetate | allyl chloride | acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) | cumene | caprolactam | terephthalate acid |
| carbon black | perchloroethylene | acrylonitrile | polybutenes | aniline | nylons | polyethylene terephthalate |
| acetylene | polyvinyl acetate | acrylic acid | methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) | adipic acid | polyureas | dioctyl phthalate |
| formaldehyde | glycol ethers | epoxy resins | tert-butanol | nylons |
References
- ↑ Richard Meyers (2003). The Basics of Chemistry. Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-31664-3.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Staff (March 2001). "Petrochemical Processes 2001". Hydrocarbon Processing: pp. 71-246. ISSN 0887-0284.
- ↑ SBS Polymer Supply Ooutlook
- ↑ Jean-Pierre Favennec (Editor) (2001). Petroleum Refining: Refinery Operation and Management. Editions Technip. ISBN 2-7108-0801-3.
Miscellaneous notes
From these basic building blocks is made a very wide range of chemicals and other materials used in industry - monomers, solvents, detergents, and adhesives. From the monomers, polymers or oligomers are produced for plastics, resins, fibers, elastomers, certain lubricants, and gels.