Francophobia: Difference between revisions

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== Québec ==
== Québec ==
Relationships between French people and [[Quebeckers]] (or [[Quebecers]]) were researched<ref>« [http://www.immigrer-contact.com/bestof/pages/can_int_898.htm Être un "maudit Français" au Québec
Relationships between French people and [[Quebeckers]] (or [[Quebecers]]) were researched<ref>"[http://www.immigrer-contact.com/bestof/pages/can_int_898.htm Être un "maudit Français" au Québec
Autopsie du choc des cultures avec les "cousins" québécois] », [[La Presse]], Louise Leduc.</ref>. The attitude from Quebeckers, which might be hostile at times<ref>" [http://books.google.com/books?id=1QVl6GkAB_YC&pg=PA69&dq=%22maudits+fran%C3%A7ais%22&ei=zR7vRs69HIjopQK32PzTDQ&sig=JlHEjC0kb4zLHg3fFfEjAmDSLMc#PPA69,M1  Literary Pluralities], Christl Verduyn, p. 69, 1998</ref>.<ref name="titleBienvenue Au Quebec: À l'intention ... - Google Book Search">{{cite web |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=keVfEEzXNYEC&pg=PA148&dq=%22maudit+fran%C3%A7ais%22&ei=juTmRvSwFZGmpQLuuoC1Aw&sig=UIYd-mH7hzD0csghiSaTCFrGYwQ#PPA148,M1 |title=Bienvenue Au Quebec: à l'intention des touristes et futurs immigrants |accessdate=2007-11-29 |author= Quoilin, Gérard |authorlink= |coauthors= |date= |format= |work= |publisher= |pages=148 |language= |archiveurl= |archivedate= |quote=}}</ref> is opposed to what is expected by French immigrants<ref name=""Maudits Français" - L'Express">{{cite web |url=http://www.lexpress.fr/info/monde/dossier/quebec/dossier.asp?ida=428045 |title="Maudits Français" |accessdate=2007-11-29 |author=Grégoire, Isabelle  |authorlink= |coauthors= |date=august 9, 2007 |format= |work= |publisher= L'Express |pages= |language= |archiveurl= |archivedate= |quote=}}</ref><ref name="titleBienvenue Au Quebec: À l'intention ... - Google Book Search"/>. Quebeckers' prejudices against French people are that they are stinky<ref>[http://72.14.205.104/search?q=cache:f5Ylucn3JzAJ:www.blogue.canoe.com/2006/11/20/maudits_francais+%22enfants%22+%22maudit+fran%C3%A7ais%22&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=32&gl=ca&client=firefox-a « Maudits français? »], ''Le Blogue Canoë'', 20 novembre 2006. »</ref>, dirty<ref>[http://72.14.205.104/search?q=cache:f5Ylucn3JzAJ:www.blogue.canoe.com/2006/11/20/maudits_francais+%22enfants%22+%22maudit+fran%C3%A7ais%22&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=32&gl=ca&client=firefox-a « Maudits français? »], ''Le Blogue Canoë'', 20 novembre 2006. »</ref>, arrogant<ref name="«Maudits Français» - L'Express"/>, grouchy<ref name="«Maudits Français» - L'Express"/> and have a superiority complex<ref name="«Maudits Français» - L'Express"/>. These prejudices match those of Francophobe English-speaking North Americans<ref>« [http://french.about.com/cs/culture/a/rudefrench.htm Top 10 Myths About France and the French People] », [[About.com]], Kelby Carr.</ref> <ref>« [http://www.encyclopediaofstupid.com/stupid/index.php/France France] », [[The Encyclopedia of Stupid]].</ref> <ref>« [http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A21319-2003Sep3?language=printer The Problem With the French ...] », [[The Washington Post]], Gene Weingarten , 7 septembre 2003.</ref> (maybe due to the influence of the English culture on Quebec people).
Autopsie du choc des cultures avec les "cousins" québécois]", [[La Presse]], Louise Leduc.</ref>. The attitude from Quebeckers, which might be hostile at times<ref>" [http://books.google.com/books?id=1QVl6GkAB_YC&pg=PA69&dq=%22maudits+fran%C3%A7ais%22&ei=zR7vRs69HIjopQK32PzTDQ&sig=JlHEjC0kb4zLHg3fFfEjAmDSLMc#PPA69,M1  Literary Pluralities], Christl Verduyn, p. 69, 1998</ref>.<ref name="titleBienvenue Au Quebec: À l'intention ... - Google Book Search">{{cite web |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=keVfEEzXNYEC&pg=PA148&dq=%22maudit+fran%C3%A7ais%22&ei=juTmRvSwFZGmpQLuuoC1Aw&sig=UIYd-mH7hzD0csghiSaTCFrGYwQ#PPA148,M1 |title=Bienvenue Au Quebec: à l'intention des touristes et futurs immigrants |accessdate=2007-11-29 |author= Quoilin, Gérard |authorlink= |coauthors= |date= |format= |work= |publisher= |pages=148 |language= |archiveurl= |archivedate= |quote=}}</ref> is opposed to what is expected by French immigrants<ref name=""Maudits Français" - L'Express">{{cite web |url=http://www.lexpress.fr/info/monde/dossier/quebec/dossier.asp?ida=428045 |title="Maudits Français" |accessdate=2007-11-29 |author=Grégoire, Isabelle  |authorlink= |coauthors= |date=august 9, 2007 |format= |work= |publisher= L'Express |pages= |language= |archiveurl= |archivedate= |quote=}}</ref><ref name="titleBienvenue Au Quebec: À l'intention ... - Google Book Search"/>. Quebeckers' prejudices against French people are that they are stinky<ref>[http://72.14.205.104/search?q=cache:f5Ylucn3JzAJ:www.blogue.canoe.com/2006/11/20/maudits_francais+%22enfants%22+%22maudit+fran%C3%A7ais%22&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=32&gl=ca&client=firefox-a "Maudits français?"], ''Le Blogue Canoë'', 20 novembre 2006."</ref>, dirty<ref>[http://72.14.205.104/search?q=cache:f5Ylucn3JzAJ:www.blogue.canoe.com/2006/11/20/maudits_francais+%22enfants%22+%22maudit+fran%C3%A7ais%22&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=32&gl=ca&client=firefox-a "Maudits français?"], ''Le Blogue Canoë'', 20 novembre 2006."</ref>, arrogant<ref name="«Maudits Français» - L'Express"/>, grouchy<ref name="«Maudits Français» - L'Express"/> and have a superiority complex<ref name="«Maudits Français» - L'Express"/>. These prejudices match those of Francophobe English-speaking North Americans<ref>"[http://french.about.com/cs/culture/a/rudefrench.htm Top 10 Myths About France and the French People]", [[About.com]], Kelby Carr.</ref> <ref>"[http://www.encyclopediaofstupid.com/stupid/index.php/France France]", [[The Encyclopedia of Stupid]].</ref> <ref>"[http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A21319-2003Sep3?language=printer The Problem With the French ...]", [[The Washington Post]], Gene Weingarten , 7 septembre 2003.</ref> (maybe due to the influence of the English culture on Quebec people).


The phrase « maudits Français » (damn French people) is now lexicalized<ref>[[Dictionnaire québécois-français]], 1999, [[Lionel Meney]] in the [[province of Quebec]], .</ref> <ref>''Maudit Françâis'', 1964, N. Fontaine.</ref> <ref>''Dictionnaire de la langue québécoise'', 1980-1981, [[Léandre Bergeron]].</ref> to express one's hostility toward French people<ref>« [http://books.google.com/books?id=1QVl6GkAB_YC&pg=PA69&dq=%22maudits+fran%C3%A7ais%22&ei=zR7vRs69HIjopQK32PzTDQ&sig=JlHEjC0kb4zLHg3fFfEjAmDSLMc#PPA69,M1  Literary Pluralities], Christl Verduyn, p. 69, 1998.</ref> <ref>« [http://64.233.167.104/search?q=cache:hxfdnvcqv70J:www.cyberpresse.ca/apps/pbcs.dll/article%3FAID%3D/20061105/CPARTS02/611050637/1050/CPARTS02%26template%3Dprintart%26print%3D1+%22maudit+fran%C3%A7ais%22+site:www.cyberpresse.ca&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=9&gl=ca&client=firefox-a Martin Picard, une tête de cochon dans la cuisine] », ''La Presse'', Nathalie Petrowski.</ref> <ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=1WiIiXJ6dB4C&pg=PA311&dq=%22maudit+fran%C3%A7ais%22&ei=YUHuRu6uL4qKoQKcqqiuDw&sig=5IHep0vCx71KHHd9VCNMxyvKoDg Dictionnaire de la police et de la pègre], 2000, Jean-Paul Brunet, p. 299.</ref> <ref>« [http://www.immigrer-contact.com/bestof/pages/can_int_898.htm Être un "maudit Français" au Québec
The phrase "maudits Français" (damn French people) is now lexicalized<ref>[[Dictionnaire québécois-français]], 1999, [[Lionel Meney]] in the [[province of Quebec]], .</ref> <ref>''Maudit Françâis'', 1964, N. Fontaine.</ref> <ref>''Dictionnaire de la langue québécoise'', 1980-1981, [[Léandre Bergeron]].</ref> to express one's hostility toward French people<ref>"[http://books.google.com/books?id=1QVl6GkAB_YC&pg=PA69&dq=%22maudits+fran%C3%A7ais%22&ei=zR7vRs69HIjopQK32PzTDQ&sig=JlHEjC0kb4zLHg3fFfEjAmDSLMc#PPA69,M1  Literary Pluralities], Christl Verduyn, p. 69, 1998.</ref> <ref>"[http://64.233.167.104/search?q=cache:hxfdnvcqv70J:www.cyberpresse.ca/apps/pbcs.dll/article%3FAID%3D/20061105/CPARTS02/611050637/1050/CPARTS02%26template%3Dprintart%26print%3D1+%22maudit+fran%C3%A7ais%22+site:www.cyberpresse.ca&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=9&gl=ca&client=firefox-a Martin Picard, une tête de cochon dans la cuisine]", ''La Presse'', Nathalie Petrowski.</ref> <ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=1WiIiXJ6dB4C&pg=PA311&dq=%22maudit+fran%C3%A7ais%22&ei=YUHuRu6uL4qKoQKcqqiuDw&sig=5IHep0vCx71KHHd9VCNMxyvKoDg Dictionnaire de la police et de la pègre], 2000, Jean-Paul Brunet, p. 299.</ref> <ref>"[http://www.immigrer-contact.com/bestof/pages/can_int_898.htm Être un "maudit Français" au Québec
Autopsie du choc des cultures avec les "cousins" québécois] », [[La Presse]], Louise Leduc.</ref> <ref>[[Dictionnaire québécois-français]], 1999, [[Lionel Meney]].</ref> <ref>''Dictionnaire de la langue québécoise'', 1980-1981, [[Léandre Bergeron]].</ref> <ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=keVfEEzXNYEC&pg=PA148&dq=%22maudit+fran%C3%A7ais%22&ei=juTmRvSwFZGmpQLuuoC1Aw&sig=UIYd-mH7hzD0csghiSaTCFrGYwQ#PPA148,M1 Bienvenue au Québec : à l'intention des touristes et futurs immigrants], 1998, Gérard Quoilin, p. 148.</ref>. It is besides very common<ref>[http://www.google.ca/search?hl=en&client=firefox-a&rls=org.mozilla%3Aen-US%3Aofficial&hs=GVK&q=maudits+fran%C3%A7ais&btnG=Search&meta= Google], 11 septembre 2007 (« "maudits Français" », 49,800 résultats ; « "maudit Français" », 89,000 résultats).</ref>. The phrase « Un bon Français, c'est un Français qui a son billet de retour (a good French person has its return ticket). »<ref>''Irréductibles Québécois'', 2004, Valérie Lion, p. 38.</ref> <ref>« [ http://72.14.205.104/search?q=cache:gI8p5UlLrAgJ:www.blogg.org/blog-44298-billet-comment_%C2%AB_ils_%C2%BB_nous_voient-481825.html+%22enfants%22+%22maudit+fran%C3%A7ais%22&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=21&gl=ca&client=firefox-a Comment ils nous voient] », ''Les mots d'ici...'', 21 novembre 2006.</ref> is also in use.
Autopsie du choc des cultures avec les "cousins" québécois]", [[La Presse]], Louise Leduc.</ref> <ref>[[Dictionnaire québécois-français]], 1999, [[Lionel Meney]].</ref> <ref>''Dictionnaire de la langue québécoise'', 1980-1981, [[Léandre Bergeron]].</ref> <ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=keVfEEzXNYEC&pg=PA148&dq=%22maudit+fran%C3%A7ais%22&ei=juTmRvSwFZGmpQLuuoC1Aw&sig=UIYd-mH7hzD0csghiSaTCFrGYwQ#PPA148,M1 Bienvenue au Québec : à l'intention des touristes et futurs immigrants], 1998, Gérard Quoilin, p. 148.</ref>. It is besides very common<ref>[http://www.google.ca/search?hl=en&client=firefox-a&rls=org.mozilla%3Aen-US%3Aofficial&hs=GVK&q=maudits+fran%C3%A7ais&btnG=Search&meta= Google], 11 septembre 2007 (""maudits Français"", 49,800 results; ""maudit Français"", 89,000 results).</ref>. The phrase "Un bon Français, c'est un Français qui a son billet de retour" (a good French person has its return ticket).<ref>''Irréductibles Québécois'', 2004, Valérie Lion, p. 38.</ref> <ref>"[ http://72.14.205.104/search?q=cache:gI8p5UlLrAgJ:www.blogg.org/blog-44298-billet-comment_%C2%AB_ils_%C2%BB_nous_voient-481825.html+%22enfants%22+%22maudit+fran%C3%A7ais%22&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=21&gl=ca&client=firefox-a Comment ils nous voient]", ''Les mots d'ici...'', 21 novembre 2006.</ref> is also in use.


Different derogatory expressions<ref>[[Dictionnaire québécois-français]], 1999, [[Lionel Meney]].</ref> are used to describe the French accent from France: « parler en cul de poule » (to speak like a hen's ass)<ref>[[Dictionnaire québécois-français]], 1999, [[Lionel Meney]].</ref>, « perler »<ref>[[Dictionnaire québécois-français]], 1999, [[Lionel Meney]].</ref>, « parler pointu »<ref>[[Dictionnaire québécois-français]], 1999, [[Lionel Meney]].</ref>. They are used both to describe the French accent and to describe a Quebecker whose accent reminds that of a French person. It may happen that a French child feels compelled and decides to lose his accent in order to integrate better into the Quebec society<ref>[http://64.233.167.104/search?q=cache:hxfdnvcqv70J:www.cyberpresse.ca/apps/pbcs.dll/article%3FAID%3D/20061105/CPARTS02/611050637/1050/CPARTS02%26template%3Dprintart%26print%3D1+%22maudit+fran%C3%A7ais%22+site:www.cyberpresse.ca&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=9&gl=ca&client=firefox-a Martin Picard, une tête de cochon dans la cuisine] », ''La Presse'', Nathalie Petrowski.</ref>.
Different derogatory expressions<ref>[[Dictionnaire québécois-français]], 1999, [[Lione l Meney]].</ref> are used to describe the French accent from France: "parler en cul de poule" (to speak like a hen's ass)<ref>[[Dictionnaire québécois-français]], 1999, [[Lionel Meney]].</ref>, "perler"<ref>[[Dictionnaire québécois-français]], 1999, [[Lionel Meney]].</ref>, "parler pointu"<ref>[[Dictionnaire québécois-français]], 1999, [[Lionel Meney]].</ref>. They are used both to describe the French accent and to describe a Quebecker whose accent reminds that of a French person. It may happen that a French child feels compelled and decides to lose his accent in order to integrate better into the Quebec society<ref>[http://64.233.167.104/search?q=cache:hxfdnvcqv70J:www.cyberpresse.ca/apps/pbcs.dll/article%3FAID%3D/20061105/CPARTS02/611050637/1050/CPARTS02%26template%3Dprintart%26print%3D1+%22maudit+fran%C3%A7ais%22+site:www.cyberpresse.ca&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=9&gl=ca&client=firefox-a Martin Picard, une tête de cochon dans la cuisine]", ''La Presse'', Nathalie Petrowski.</ref>.


On a 2006 episode of his ''On n'a pas toute la soirée'' [[talk show]], Eric Salvail, a Quebec celebrity, was seen as impersonating a hunter looking for a "maudit Français" (a damn Frenchman) he could bring back from Paris<ref>[http://www.cyberpresse.ca/article/20061119/CPARTS/611190451/1017/CPARTS Les Français d'ici outrés par un sketch d'Éric Salvail], [[La Presse]], site consulté le 9 août 2007.</ref>. This controversial episode from the show then had a few articles written on it in the newspapers<ref>« [http://72.14.205.104/search?q=cache:f5Ylucn3JzAJ:www.blogue.canoe.com/2006/11/20/maudits_francais+%22enfants%22+%22maudit+fran%C3%A7ais%22&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=32&gl=ca&client=firefox-a Maudits français?], ''Le Blogue Canoë'', 20 novembre 2006. »</ref>.
On a 2006 episode of his ''On n'a pas toute la soirée'' [[talk show]], Eric Salvail, a Quebec celebrity, was seen as impersonating a hunter looking for a "maudit Français" (a damn Frenchman) he could bring back from Paris<ref>[http://www.cyberpresse.ca/article/20061119/CPARTS/611190451/1017/CPARTS Les Français d'ici outrés par un sketch d'Éric Salvail], [[La Presse]], site consulté le 9 août 2007.</ref>. This controversial episode from the show then had a few articles written on it in the newspapers<ref>"[http://72.14.205.104/search?q=cache:f5Ylucn3JzAJ:www.blogue.canoe.com/2006/11/20/maudits_francais+%22enfants%22+%22maudit+fran%C3%A7ais%22&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=32&gl=ca&client=firefox-a Maudits français?], ''Le Blogue Canoë'', 20 novembre 2006."</ref>.


One of the possible explanations for Francophobia in [[Quebec]] is the idea (some use the word "myth"<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=n0Tt0AlfyikC&q=francophobie+qu%C3%A9bec&dq=francophobie+qu%C3%A9bec&ei=ARjvRqaWJpzApALg-c2fBQ&pgis=1 Le Joual de Troie], Jean Marcel, 14 septembre 2004, p. 122</ref>) that [[France]] abandoned [[New France]]<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=n0Tt0AlfyikC&q=francophobie+qu%C3%A9bec&dq=francophobie+qu%C3%A9bec&ei=ARjvRqaWJpzApALg-c2fBQ&pgis=1 Le Joual de Troie], Jean Marcel, 14 septembre 2004, p. 122</ref>.
One of the possible explanations for Francophobia in [[Quebec]] is the idea (some use the word "myth"<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=n0Tt0AlfyikC&q=francophobie+qu%C3%A9bec&dq=francophobie+qu%C3%A9bec&ei=ARjvRqaWJpzApALg-c2fBQ&pgis=1 Le Joual de Troie], Jean Marcel, 14 septembre 2004, p. 122</ref>) that [[France]] abandoned [[New France]]<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=n0Tt0AlfyikC&q=francophobie+qu%C3%A9bec&dq=francophobie+qu%C3%A9bec&ei=ARjvRqaWJpzApALg-c2fBQ&pgis=1 Le Joual de Troie], Jean Marcel, 14 septembre 2004, p. 122</ref>.


==Références et notes==
==Bibliography==
<references />
<references />


[[Category:Stub Articles]]
[[Category:Stub Articles]]

Revision as of 01:35, 30 November 2007

Francophobia is a hostility or distrust toward metropolitan French people and French culture.

Québec

Relationships between French people and Quebeckers (or Quebecers) were researched[1]. The attitude from Quebeckers, which might be hostile at times[2].[3] is opposed to what is expected by French immigrantsCite error: Invalid <ref> tag; invalid names, e.g. too many[3]. Quebeckers' prejudices against French people are that they are stinky[4], dirty[5], arrogant[6], grouchy[6] and have a superiority complex[6]. These prejudices match those of Francophobe English-speaking North Americans[7] [8] [9] (maybe due to the influence of the English culture on Quebec people).

The phrase "maudits Français" (damn French people) is now lexicalized[10] [11] [12] to express one's hostility toward French people[13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19]. It is besides very common[20]. The phrase "Un bon Français, c'est un Français qui a son billet de retour" (a good French person has its return ticket).[21] [22] is also in use.

Different derogatory expressions[23] are used to describe the French accent from France: "parler en cul de poule" (to speak like a hen's ass)[24], "perler"[25], "parler pointu"[26]. They are used both to describe the French accent and to describe a Quebecker whose accent reminds that of a French person. It may happen that a French child feels compelled and decides to lose his accent in order to integrate better into the Quebec society[27].

On a 2006 episode of his On n'a pas toute la soirée talk show, Eric Salvail, a Quebec celebrity, was seen as impersonating a hunter looking for a "maudit Français" (a damn Frenchman) he could bring back from Paris[28]. This controversial episode from the show then had a few articles written on it in the newspapers[29].

One of the possible explanations for Francophobia in Quebec is the idea (some use the word "myth"[30]) that France abandoned New France[31].

Bibliography

  1. ↑ "[http://www.immigrer-contact.com/bestof/pages/can_int_898.htm Être un "maudit Français" au Québec Autopsie du choc des cultures avec les "cousins" québécois]", La Presse, Louise Leduc.
  2. ↑ " Literary Pluralities, Christl Verduyn, p. 69, 1998
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Quoilin, Gérard. Bienvenue Au Quebec: à l'intention des touristes et futurs immigrants 148. Retrieved on 2007-11-29.
  4. ↑ "Maudits français?", Le Blogue Canoë, 20 novembre 2006."
  5. ↑ "Maudits français?", Le Blogue Canoë, 20 novembre 2006."
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named «Maudits Français» - L'Express
  7. ↑ "Top 10 Myths About France and the French People", About.com, Kelby Carr.
  8. ↑ "France", The Encyclopedia of Stupid.
  9. ↑ "The Problem With the French ...", The Washington Post, Gene Weingarten , 7 septembre 2003.
  10. ↑ Dictionnaire québécois-français, 1999, Lionel Meney in the province of Quebec, .
  11. ↑ Maudit Françâis, 1964, N. Fontaine.
  12. ↑ Dictionnaire de la langue québécoise, 1980-1981, Léandre Bergeron.
  13. ↑ "Literary Pluralities, Christl Verduyn, p. 69, 1998.
  14. ↑ "Martin Picard, une tête de cochon dans la cuisine", La Presse, Nathalie Petrowski.
  15. ↑ Dictionnaire de la police et de la pègre, 2000, Jean-Paul Brunet, p. 299.
  16. ↑ "[http://www.immigrer-contact.com/bestof/pages/can_int_898.htm Être un "maudit Français" au Québec Autopsie du choc des cultures avec les "cousins" québécois]", La Presse, Louise Leduc.
  17. ↑ Dictionnaire québécois-français, 1999, Lionel Meney.
  18. ↑ Dictionnaire de la langue québécoise, 1980-1981, Léandre Bergeron.
  19. ↑ Bienvenue au Québec : à l'intention des touristes et futurs immigrants, 1998, Gérard Quoilin, p. 148.
  20. ↑ Google, 11 septembre 2007 (""maudits Français"", 49,800 results; ""maudit Français"", 89,000 results).
  21. ↑ Irréductibles Québécois, 2004, Valérie Lion, p. 38.
  22. ↑ "[ http://72.14.205.104/search?q=cache:gI8p5UlLrAgJ:www.blogg.org/blog-44298-billet-comment_%C2%AB_ils_%C2%BB_nous_voient-481825.html+%22enfants%22+%22maudit+fran%C3%A7ais%22&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=21&gl=ca&client=firefox-a Comment ils nous voient]", Les mots d'ici..., 21 novembre 2006.
  23. ↑ Dictionnaire québécois-français, 1999, Lione l Meney.
  24. ↑ Dictionnaire québécois-français, 1999, Lionel Meney.
  25. ↑ Dictionnaire québécois-français, 1999, Lionel Meney.
  26. ↑ Dictionnaire québécois-français, 1999, Lionel Meney.
  27. ↑ Martin Picard, une tête de cochon dans la cuisine", La Presse, Nathalie Petrowski.
  28. ↑ Les Français d'ici outrés par un sketch d'Éric Salvail, La Presse, site consulté le 9 août 2007.
  29. ↑ "Maudits français?, Le Blogue Canoë, 20 novembre 2006."
  30. ↑ Le Joual de Troie, Jean Marcel, 14 septembre 2004, p. 122
  31. ↑ Le Joual de Troie, Jean Marcel, 14 septembre 2004, p. 122
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