Spanish Civil War

The Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) pitted the fascist forces of General Francisco Franco against the popularly elected government of Spain. While the battle settled the fate of Spain for decades, it also marked the beginning of conflict between fascists, communists, and the rest of Europe. With the Nazis in Germany supporting Franco and Josef Stalin's USSR, providing assistance to the Spanish government, this domestic conflict came to be seen as having major international implications. It attracted fighters from the United States and became the subject of major works by leading authors, such as George Orwell and Ernest Hemingway. For some young men in places like the United States, the fight against Franco was in fact a battle against fascism and so they joined international fighting units, such as the Lincoln Brigade

Origins

Agricultural Problems

Agriculture accounted for about two fifths of Spains national income in the 1930s and almost half of the population lived on the land. The problem of agriculture was due partly to climatic conditions and lack of modern machinery. The situation was worsened by the Latifundia system, which maintained an uneconomic, inefficient, feudal type of land ownership by massive landowners in the countryside. Latifundia were huge farms owned by rich families and absentee landlords who paid their labourers very little for their work. More often than not, large tracts of land were left uncultivated. These conditions bred support for Anarchism, the creation of a world where those who worked the land owned it.

In other provinces, such as Castile or Galicia, Minifundia created a parallel problem. Tiny farms were owned by peasants (Some as small as two acres in size) who found it hard to work a decent living on such conditions, often working on a basis below Subsistence Agriculture. Rural violence was endemic between 1903-06 and 1917-20. Agrarian violence became especially problematic during the Spanish Second Republic and more than likely hastened the onset of the Civil War.

Industrial Conflict

Industrialization had hit Spain in two major centres, The Basque region and Catalonia. In Barcelona, an important cultural and commercial centre, textiles, light industry and ship building were predominant. The Basques concentrated on ship building, in addition to having a large metallurgical industry. Bilbao, the capital of the Basque country, was a thriving port. Industrial development in these regions created workers movement which would accomodate the rural unrest during the Civil War. In Barcelona, workers were represented by the CNT, an Anarchist Trade Union. The Basques and coal miners of Asturias joined the socialist UGT Union. The former frightened the ruling class with its policy of violence and assassination. Syndicalism was an aspiration for these powerful Unions. The UGT and CNT support for the Popular Front in 1936 was an important motive for the armies decision to rebel.

Regionalism

Both the Basque country and Catalonia differed culturally from the rest of Spain. The Catalans spoke a different language, had a popular literary culture and a tradition of independence going back to Medieval times. In 1931 A Catalan Republic was proclaimed and some prominent individuals called on Catalonia to declare 'war on Spain'.

The Basques were an ancient people who had lived around the Western Pyrenees for thousands of years. Around 100,000 Basques were French, the rest being Spanish citizens. They were very religious and maintained an independent language. Although bitterly opposed to the Republicans anti-clericalism during the Civil War, they supported them due to their support for regional autonomy.