Iraq War

The Iraq War was the invasion of Iraq in 2003 by the so-named Coalition of the Willing, a multinational task force led by the United States of America. The multinational force included strong support from a majority of NATO counties and, especially, Great Britain and Australia. The UN neither approved nor censured the war, which was never a formally declared war. The Iraq War is also known as Operation Iraqi Liberation and then Operation Iraqi Freedom.

The war had the quick result of the removal (and later execution) of Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein and the formation of a democratically elected parliament and ratified constitution, which won UN approval. However, an amorphous insurgency or civil war, based on religious factions, since then has produced large numbers of civilian deaths and an unstable Iraqi government. It has generated enormous political controversy in the U.S. and other countries.

The main rationale for the invasion was Iraq’s continued violation of the 1991 agreement (in particular United Nations Resolution 687) that the country allow UN weapons inspectors unhindered access to nuclear facilities, as well as the country’s failure to observe several UN resolutions ordering Iraq to comply with Resolution 687. The US government cited intelligence reports that Iraq was actively supporting terrorists and developing weapons of mass destruction (WMD) as additional and acute reasons to invade. Though there was some justification before October 2002 for believing this intelligence credible, a later Senate investigation found that the intelligence was inaccurate and that the intelligence community failed to communicate this properly to the Bush administration.

Factors Leading Up to the Invasion

Weapons Inspections

After the Gulf War in 1991, United Nations Resolution 687 specified that Iraq must destroy all weapons of mass destruction (WMD). A large amount of WMDs were indeed destroyed under UN supervision (UNSCOM). Two no-fly zones were also instituted in northern and southern Iraq where Iraqi military aircraft were prohibited from flying. The United States and the United Kingdom (and France until 1998) patrolled these zones.

However, by late 1997 the the Clinton administration became dissatisfied with Iraq’s increased unwillingness to cooperate with UNSCOM inspectors. In January 1998, a number of American neoconservative military experts wrote a letter to President Bill Clinton, in an effort to convince the president that the policy of containment was not working and that there was a real possibility Iraq would reconstitute its WMD arsenal. The group urged the president to invade Iraq in order to remove Saddam Hussein from power. As a result of widespread expectations that the Clinton administration would decide to act with military force, the UN weapons inspectors were evacuated from the country. Iraq and the United Nations agreed to resume weapons inspections, but Saddam Hussein continued to obstruct UNSCOM teams.

In December 1998, President Clinton authorized military action against Iraq and from December 16 to 19 1998, US and UK aircraft bombed military and government targets in Iraq in Operation Desert Fox. It was widely understood that the Clinton administration intended Operation Desert Fox to be not merely a campaign of punishment for Iraq’s failure to cooperate but also to weaken the regime in advance of orchestrated efforts to cause regime change. As a result of Iraq’s barring inspectors from the country, UNSCOM inspections of Iraq’s WMD effectively came to an end and in March 1999, the UN concluded that the UNSCOM mandate should end. In December 1999, the UN set up UNMOVIC (United Nations Monitoring, Verification and Inspection Commission), headed by Swedish diplomat Hans Blix, which was to identify the remaining WMD arsenals in Iraq. Because UNMOVIC was banned from Iraq, the world had to rely on indirect evidence, most of which turned out to be false or inaccurate.

Bush Administration Policy before 9/11

In January 2002, Time Magazine reported that since President Bush took office he had been grumbling about finishing the job his father started.

On February 16, 2001 a number of US and UK warplanes attacked Baghdad, nearly two years before the declaration of war. .

Aftermath of 9/11 Attacks

Immediately following the September 11 attacks President Bush introduced the Bush Doctrine to the world: Make no distinction between the terrorists who committed these acts and those who harbor them.

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