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{{subpages}} | <!-- {{subpages}} Please ignore (but don't delete) any formatting that you are not familiar with. Others will probably chime in to help you set things up. --> | ||
{{Infobox person | |||
| name = Nguyen Ngoc Bich | |||
| image = <!-- Nguyen Ngoc Bich 1962.png --><!--Nguyen Ngoc Bich Minh Tan Logo.png--><!--File:Nguyen Ngoc Bich 1933 X.png-->File:Nguyen Ngoc Bich 1931 Ecole Polytechnique 2.png | |||
| image_size = | |||
| caption = As a student at [[École polytechnique]], 1931 | |||
| birth_date = 18 May 1911 | |||
| birth_place = [[Ben Tre]], [[Vietnam]] | |||
| death_date = 4 Dec 1966 | |||
| death_place = [[Thu Duc]], [[Vietnam]] | |||
| nationality = Vietnamese | |||
| citizenship = [[South Vietnam]] | |||
| alma_mater = * [[École polytechnique]] | |||
* [[École des ponts ParisTech|École nationale des ponts et chaussées]] | |||
| occupation = *Engineer | |||
* Resistance fighter | |||
* Medical doctor | |||
* Politician | |||
| years_active = 1935 - 1966 | |||
| known_for = Resistance war, politics | |||
| title = Doctor (medical) | |||
| signature = Firefox 2023-03-17 08-51-44.png | |||
}} | |||
'''Nguyen Ngoc Bich''' (1911–1966) was an engineer, a hero in the Vietnamese resistance against the French colonists,{{sfn|Buttinger|1967b}}{{efn|name=fn-NNB-hero|See the quotations from Vietnam history books by renowned scholars in Section [[#Resistance|Resistance]].}} a medical doctor, an intellectual and politician, who proposed an alternative viewpoint to avoid the high-casualty, high-cost war between [[North Vietnam]] and [[South Vietnam]].{{sfn|Nguyen-Ngoc-Bich|1962}} | |||
The [[commons:File:Nguyen Ngoc Bich Street.png|Nguyen-Ngoc-Bich street]] in the city of [[Cần Thơ]], [[Vietnam]], was named after him to honor and commemorate his feats (of sabotaging bridges to slow down the colonial French-army advances) and heroism (being on the French most-wanted list,{{sfn|Cooper|1970|p=122}}<!--<sup>, p.122</sup>--> imprisoned, subjected to an "intensive and unpleasant interrogation"{{sfn|Cooper|1970|p=122}}<!--<sup>, p.122</sup>--> that left a mark on his forehead,{{efn|name=Bich-injury}} and exiled) during the [[First Indochina War]]. | |||
[[File:Nguyen_Ngoc_Bich_1933_X.png|150px|thumb|left|Nguyen Ngoc Bich, circa 1933, student at [[École polytechnique]].]] | |||
Upon graduating from the [[École polytechnique]] (engineering military school under the French Ministry of Armed Forces) and then from the [[École des ponts ParisTech|École nationale des ponts et chaussées]] (civil engineering) in France in 1935,{{sfn|Nguyen-Ngoc-Chau|2018}} Dr. Bich returned to Vietnam to work for the French colonial government. After World War II, in 1945, he joined the [[Viet-Minh]], and became a senior commander in the Vietnamese resistance movement, and insisted on fighting for Vietnam's independence, not for communism. | |||
Suspecting{{efn|name=NNBich-betrayed|On the betrayal suspicion, Chester L. Cooper wrote:{{sfn|Cooper|1970|p=123}}<!--<sup>, p.123</sup>--> "Whether the Viet Minh had actually betrayed him to French agents is not known for certain, but Bich always suspected that this was how he had been discovered," whereas the assertion that he "was betrayed by his Communist colleagues to the French" was written in the short biography that accompanied Dr. Bich's 1962 article.{{sfn|Honey, P.J.|1962}}}} of being betrayed by the Communist faction{{efn|name=NNBich-betrayed}} of the [[Viet-Minh]] and apprehended by the French forces, he was saved from execution by a campaign for amnesty by his [[École polytechnique]] classmates based in Vietnam, mostly high-level officers of the French army,{{sfn|Tran-Thi-Lien|2002|p=299}} and was subsequently exiled to France, where he founded with friends and managed the Vietnamese publishing house Minh Tan (in Paris), which published many important works for the Vietnamese literature.{{efn|A list of important books published by Minh Tan can be found in the document ''Nguyen Ngoc Bich (1911–1966): A Biography''.{{sfn|Nguyen-Ngoc-Chau|Vu-Quoc-Loc|2023}}}} In parallel, he studied medicine and became a medical doctor. He was highly regarded in Vietnamese politics, and was suggested by the French in 1954 as an alternative to [[Ngo Dinh Diem]] as the sixth [[Leaders_of_South_Vietnam#Prime_Ministers|prime minister]] of the [[State of Vietnam]] under the former Emperor [[Bao Dai]] as Head of State,{{efn|See Section [[#Intellectual and politician|Intellectual and politician]] and Langguth (2000).{{sfn|Langguth|2000|p=84}}}} who selected [[Ngo Dinh Diem]] as prime minister. While Bich's candidature for the 1961 presidential election in opposition to Diem was, however, declared invalid by the Saigon authorities at the last moment for "technical reasons",{{sfn|Honey, P.J.|1962}}{{sfn|Nguyen-Ngoc-Chau|2018}}, he was "regarded by many as a possible successor to President [[Ngo Dinh Diem]]".{{sfn|Honey, P.J.|1962}}<!--{{who?|date=February 2023}}-->{{efn|name=fn1-TCQ-NNB-bio|A direct quote from the [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/china-quarterly/article/abs/contributors/DFA1B1B34B49325008EAB9EB582BF0DE brief introduction of the contributors] to [[The China Quarterly]], [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/china-quarterly/volume/0FB8E56075A0E2649EB01EC2BFB9ABFB Volume 9]{{sfn|Honey, P.J.|1962}}, 1962, reads: Dr. Bich's "personal influence upon Cochin Chinese opinion is considerable, and he is regarded by many as a possible successor to President Ngo Dinh Diem".}}{{efn|name=fn2-TCQ-Editorial|The [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/china-quarterly/article/editorial/5958FFC9348ED8A5B69E462E3B72B806 Editorial] of [[The China Quarterly]], [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/china-quarterly/volume/0FB8E56075A0E2649EB01EC2BFB9ABFB Volume 9], reads: "Five of our articles are by specialists who have observed the Hanoi regime from a distance. M. Tongas and Mr. [[Hoang Van Chi]] are writing on the basis of personal experience. Dr. Bich presents an independent view of the whole Vietnamese situation` }} | |||
A large majority of the information in this article came from the master document | |||
''Nguyen Ngoc Bich (1911–1966): A Biography,''{{sfn|Nguyen-Ngoc-Chau|Vu-Quoc-Loc|2023}} which contains even more information, including primary-source evidence and photos, than presented here. | |||
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Revision as of 07:10, 10 June 2023
Nguyen Ngoc Bich (1911–1966) was an engineer, a hero in the Vietnamese resistance against the French colonists,Template:Sfn[lower-alpha 1] a medical doctor, an intellectual and politician, who proposed an alternative viewpoint to avoid the high-casualty, high-cost war between North Vietnam and South Vietnam.Template:Sfn
The Nguyen-Ngoc-Bich street in the city of Cần Thơ, Vietnam, was named after him to honor and commemorate his feats (of sabotaging bridges to slow down the colonial French-army advances) and heroism (being on the French most-wanted list,Template:Sfn imprisoned, subjected to an "intensive and unpleasant interrogation"Template:Sfn that left a mark on his forehead,[lower-alpha 2] and exiled) during the First Indochina War.
Upon graduating from the École polytechnique (engineering military school under the French Ministry of Armed Forces) and then from the École nationale des ponts et chaussées (civil engineering) in France in 1935,Template:Sfn Dr. Bich returned to Vietnam to work for the French colonial government. After World War II, in 1945, he joined the Viet-Minh, and became a senior commander in the Vietnamese resistance movement, and insisted on fighting for Vietnam's independence, not for communism.
Suspecting[lower-alpha 3] of being betrayed by the Communist faction[lower-alpha 3] of the Viet-Minh and apprehended by the French forces, he was saved from execution by a campaign for amnesty by his École polytechnique classmates based in Vietnam, mostly high-level officers of the French army,Template:Sfn and was subsequently exiled to France, where he founded with friends and managed the Vietnamese publishing house Minh Tan (in Paris), which published many important works for the Vietnamese literature.[lower-alpha 4] In parallel, he studied medicine and became a medical doctor. He was highly regarded in Vietnamese politics, and was suggested by the French in 1954 as an alternative to Ngo Dinh Diem as the sixth prime minister of the State of Vietnam under the former Emperor Bao Dai as Head of State,[lower-alpha 5] who selected Ngo Dinh Diem as prime minister. While Bich's candidature for the 1961 presidential election in opposition to Diem was, however, declared invalid by the Saigon authorities at the last moment for "technical reasons",Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn, he was "regarded by many as a possible successor to President Ngo Dinh Diem".Template:Sfn[lower-alpha 6][lower-alpha 7]
A large majority of the information in this article came from the master document Nguyen Ngoc Bich (1911–1966): A Biography,Template:Sfn which contains even more information, including primary-source evidence and photos, than presented here.
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