Battle of Hampton Roads: Difference between revisions
imported>Howard C. Berkowitz (New page: Fought on March 8-9, 1862, while tactically a draw or a slight Confederate win, the '''Battle of Hampton Roads''' was among the most significant naval battles of history. <ref name=NG2006>...) |
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| url = }}</ref> While some battles were notable because one side introduced a "[[silver bullet]]" advanced technology, obsoleting the other side's systems, this is unique in that two successive silver bullets fought on two successive days. The ironclad ''[[CSS Virginia]]'', often called the ''Merrimac'' after the abandoned Union ship from which she was adapted, was the first armored steamship to enter combat, far more advanced than anything else afloat — for a day. She was then met by the even more advanced ''[[USS Monitor]]''. | | url = }}</ref> While some battles were notable because one side introduced a "[[silver bullet]]" advanced technology, obsoleting the other side's systems, this is unique in that two successive silver bullets fought on two successive days. The ironclad ''[[CSS Virginia]]'', often called the ''Merrimac'' after the abandoned Union ship from which she was adapted, was the first armored steamship to enter combat, far more advanced than anything else afloat — for a day. She was then met by the even more advanced ''[[USS Monitor]]''. | ||
[[Image:Battle of Hampton Roads-MvV.jpg|thumb|left|''CSS Virginia'' engages ''USS Monitor'']] | [[Image:Battle of Hampton Roads-MvV.jpg|thumb|left|''CSS Virginia'' engages ''USS Monitor'']] | ||
''Virginia'' was still based on a conventional [[broadside]] design, with rows of 8" cannon in fixed mounts, six on each side, with unconventionally sloped sides <ref>Sloped armor is considerably more effective than vertical armor, a technology lost in [[tank (military)|tanks]] until after the [[Second World War]]</ref> | ''Virginia'' was still based on a conventional [[broadside]] design, with a main battery of rows of 8" cannon in fixed mounts, six on each side, with unconventionally sloped sides covered with iron plate armor.<ref>Sloped armor is considerably more effective than vertical armor, a technology lost in [[tank (military)|tanks]] until after the [[Second World War]]</ref> After sinking the wooden ''[[USS Cumberland]]'' and damaging the ''[[USS Congress]]'', ''Virginia'' returned to dock. While there actually had been internal damage from the concussive effect of Union hits, it had appeared as she had shrugged away the heaviest gunfire. | ||
On the next day, however, an even stranger-looking vessel, ''[[USS Monitor]]'', came to meet her. Derisively called a "cheesebox on a raft", ''Monitor'', even lower in the water than ''Virginia'', was a leap forward in design. The power of naval guns increases exponentially with their shell diameter, or [[caliber]]. While ''Monitor'' had only two guns, they were 11", and mounted in a revolving [[turret]], so she could aim them at any relative bearing to her opponent, not only in the conventional parallel course for broadside weapons. | On the next day, however, an even stranger-looking vessel, ''[[USS Monitor]]'', came to meet her. Derisively called a "cheesebox on a raft", ''Monitor'', even lower in the water than ''Virginia'', was a leap forward in design. The power of naval guns increases exponentially with their shell diameter, or [[caliber]]. While ''Monitor'' had only two guns, they were 11", and mounted in a revolving [[turret]], so she could aim them at any relative bearing to her opponent, not only in the conventional parallel course for broadside weapons. The turret was more heavily armored than the sides of the ''Virginia''; while the 11" projectiles still did not penentrate efficiently, their concussive effect was far worse. She anticipated the "all-big-gun" design formalized in [[HMS Dreadnought (1905)]], urged by British Admiral [[John Arbuthnot Fisher|"Jacky" Fisher]].<ref name=Massey>{{citation | ||
| title = Dreadnought: Britain, Germany and the Coming of the Great War | |||
| author = Robert K. Massie | |||
| publisher = Ballantine | year = 1991 | isbn = 0-345-37556-4 | |||
}}, pp. 468-473</ref> | |||
==Historical background== | |||
These were not the first ironclad warships, a distinction going to the Koreans in the [[Korean War of 1592-1598]]. They were not the first ironclad steamships, the earliest launch being a French "floating battery" of 1855,<ref name=Baxter>{{citation | |||
| title = The introduction of the ironclad warship | |||
|author = James Phinney Baxter and Donald L. Canney | |||
| publisher = Naval Institute Press | year = 2000 | |||
| ISBN=1557502188 | |||
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=rR95Mi7vVHoC&pg=PA208&lpg=PA208&dq=French+ironclad+1840&source=bl&ots=MqK9gKkXcz&sig=Kd26sZFn1aDvBBgvC_gBMgtY4TQ&hl=en&ei=N0jASaeBFYvIMu2j5LAN&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=4&ct=result#PPA78,M1}}, p. 78</ref> although the U.S. had begun design of an ironclad in 1843.<ref>Baxter, p. 50</ref> | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{reflist}} | {{reflist|2}} | ||
Revision as of 19:11, 17 March 2009
Fought on March 8-9, 1862, while tactically a draw or a slight Confederate win, the Battle of Hampton Roads was among the most significant naval battles of history. [1] While some battles were notable because one side introduced a "silver bullet" advanced technology, obsoleting the other side's systems, this is unique in that two successive silver bullets fought on two successive days. The ironclad CSS Virginia, often called the Merrimac after the abandoned Union ship from which she was adapted, was the first armored steamship to enter combat, far more advanced than anything else afloat — for a day. She was then met by the even more advanced USS Monitor.
Virginia was still based on a conventional broadside design, with a main battery of rows of 8" cannon in fixed mounts, six on each side, with unconventionally sloped sides covered with iron plate armor.[2] After sinking the wooden USS Cumberland and damaging the USS Congress, Virginia returned to dock. While there actually had been internal damage from the concussive effect of Union hits, it had appeared as she had shrugged away the heaviest gunfire.
On the next day, however, an even stranger-looking vessel, USS Monitor, came to meet her. Derisively called a "cheesebox on a raft", Monitor, even lower in the water than Virginia, was a leap forward in design. The power of naval guns increases exponentially with their shell diameter, or caliber. While Monitor had only two guns, they were 11", and mounted in a revolving turret, so she could aim them at any relative bearing to her opponent, not only in the conventional parallel course for broadside weapons. The turret was more heavily armored than the sides of the Virginia; while the 11" projectiles still did not penentrate efficiently, their concussive effect was far worse. She anticipated the "all-big-gun" design formalized in HMS Dreadnought (1905), urged by British Admiral "Jacky" Fisher.[3]
Historical background
These were not the first ironclad warships, a distinction going to the Koreans in the Korean War of 1592-1598. They were not the first ironclad steamships, the earliest launch being a French "floating battery" of 1855,[4] although the U.S. had begun design of an ironclad in 1843.[5]
References
- ↑ Joel K. Bourne, Jr. (2006), "Iron vs. Oak"When the currents of history and technology collided off Hampton, Virginia, in March 1862, naval warfare changed forever.", National Geographic
- ↑ Sloped armor is considerably more effective than vertical armor, a technology lost in tanks until after the Second World War
- ↑ Robert K. Massie (1991), Dreadnought: Britain, Germany and the Coming of the Great War, Ballantine, ISBN 0-345-37556-4, pp. 468-473
- ↑ James Phinney Baxter and Donald L. Canney (2000), The introduction of the ironclad warship, Naval Institute Press, ISBN 1557502188, p. 78
- ↑ Baxter, p. 50