Leptotes (orchid): Difference between revisions

From Citizendium
Jump to navigation Jump to search
imported>Dalton Holland Baptista
imported>Dalton Holland Baptista
No edit summary
Line 58: Line 58:
In 1865, [[Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach]], received, from some unknown locality in Brazil, the second described species to be accepted today, a plant much different from ''Leptotes bicolor'', because of its fewer and smaller rounded flowers, with wide open pale yellowish segments. He published it as ''L. tenuis''.<ref><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Reichenbach, Heinrich Gustav</span>: ''Leptotes tenuis'' in '''Hamburger Garten Blumenzeitung Vol.21''', pp. 296. Hamburg, 1865.</ref> Twelve years later, the third species, ''Leptotes unicolor'', was described by Brazilian Botanist [[João Barbosa Rodrigues]]. According to the author, it was a much perfumed little species which he found some colonies with hundreds of plants living epiphyticaly along the banks of rivers [[Rio Dourado|Dourado]] and [[Rio Sapucai|Sapucai]], nearby the city of [[Alfenas]], in [[Minas Gerais]].<ref><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Barbosa Rodrigues, João</span>: ''Leptotes unicolor'' in '''Genera et species orchidacearum novarum''' Vol.1, p.74. 1877. [http://www.botanicus.org/title/b12207019 Published on Internet, in French and Latin.]</ref> In 1881, Barbosa Rodrigues found another plant with longer leaves and slight diferences on floral structure, in [[Joinville]], a city that at the time belonged to [[Paraná]] State, but today is located in [[Santa Catarina]] which didn't exist then, and described it as ''L. paranaensis''.<ref><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Barbosa Rodrigues, João</span>: ''Leptotes paranaensis'' in '''Genera et species orchidacearum novarum''' Vol.2, pp.163. 1881. [http://www.botanicus.org/title/b12207019 Published on Internet, in French and Latin.]</ref> Today this species is considered to be just a variation of ''L. unicolor'' he described four years earlier.<ref name="OB"><span style="font-variant:small-caps">Pabst, Guido & Dungs, Fritz </span>: '''Orchidaceae Brasilienses vol. 1''' p. 148, Brucke-Verlag Kurt Schmersow, Hildesheim, 1975. ISBN 3871050106 </ref>
In 1865, [[Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach]], received, from some unknown locality in Brazil, the second described species to be accepted today, a plant much different from ''Leptotes bicolor'', because of its fewer and smaller rounded flowers, with wide open pale yellowish segments. He published it as ''L. tenuis''.<ref><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Reichenbach, Heinrich Gustav</span>: ''Leptotes tenuis'' in '''Hamburger Garten Blumenzeitung Vol.21''', pp. 296. Hamburg, 1865.</ref> Twelve years later, the third species, ''Leptotes unicolor'', was described by Brazilian Botanist [[João Barbosa Rodrigues]]. According to the author, it was a much perfumed little species which he found some colonies with hundreds of plants living epiphyticaly along the banks of rivers [[Rio Dourado|Dourado]] and [[Rio Sapucai|Sapucai]], nearby the city of [[Alfenas]], in [[Minas Gerais]].<ref><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Barbosa Rodrigues, João</span>: ''Leptotes unicolor'' in '''Genera et species orchidacearum novarum''' Vol.1, p.74. 1877. [http://www.botanicus.org/title/b12207019 Published on Internet, in French and Latin.]</ref> In 1881, Barbosa Rodrigues found another plant with longer leaves and slight diferences on floral structure, in [[Joinville]], a city that at the time belonged to [[Paraná]] State, but today is located in [[Santa Catarina]] which didn't exist then, and described it as ''L. paranaensis''.<ref><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Barbosa Rodrigues, João</span>: ''Leptotes paranaensis'' in '''Genera et species orchidacearum novarum''' Vol.2, pp.163. 1881. [http://www.botanicus.org/title/b12207019 Published on Internet, in French and Latin.]</ref> Today this species is considered to be just a variation of ''L. unicolor'' he described four years earlier.<ref name="OB"><span style="font-variant:small-caps">Pabst, Guido & Dungs, Fritz </span>: '''Orchidaceae Brasilienses vol. 1''' p. 148, Brucke-Verlag Kurt Schmersow, Hildesheim, 1975. ISBN 3871050106 </ref>


<!--
Eight years later, [[Robert Allen Rolfe]] received form Brazil, also without information of locality, a plant similar to ''Leptotes tenuis'' which Reichenbach described in 1865, however, with much thicker and shorter leaves. Rolfe described it as ''L. minuta''.<ref><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Rolfe, Robert Allen</span>: ''Leptotes minuta'' in '''Gardeners' Chronicle  Vol.1889-2''':  p. 323. London, 1889.</ref> In his revision of Brazilian orchid species, published 1903, [[Célestin Alfred Cogniaux]], ignoring the variability of ''Leptotes'' species, both because of populations insolation and because of the variability of lenght and thickness of leaves due to diferent degrees of light exposure on each habitat, accepted this species which we know today is just a variation of ''L. tenuis''. Cogniaux did not have the opportunity to check the types of all  other species then described, therefore, he accepted most of them with this remark.<ref><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Cogniaux, Célestin Alfred</span>: ''Leptotes'' in '''Flora Brasiliensis Vol.3 Part.6''':  pp. 254-259. K.F.P. von Martius Ed., 1903. [http://florabrasiliensis.cria.org.br/search?taxon_id=1511 Published on Internet, in Latin.]</ref>
Oito anos mais tarde, [[Robert Allen Rolfe]] recebeu, também de localidade ignorada do Brasil, uma planta similar à ''Leptotes tenuis'' que Reichenbach descrevera em 1865, porém com folhas bem mais grossas e curtas, descreveu-a com o nome de ''L. minuta''.<ref><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Rolfe, Robert Allen</span>: ''Leptotes minuta'' em '''Gardeners' Chronicle  Vol.1889-2''':  p. 323. London, 1889.</ref> Em sua revisão das plantas do Brasil, publicada em 1903, [[Célestin Alfred Cogniaux]], ignorando a variabilidade a que estavam sujeitas as espécies de ''Leptotes'', tanto pela existência de diversas populações isoladas, bem como por diferenças no comprimento e espessura das folhas devido a variações decorrentes de maior ou menor exposição à luz, aceitou como boa esta espécie que sabe-se ser uma variação da ''L. tenuis'', bem como a maioria das outras até então descritas.<ref><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Cogniaux, Célestin Alfred</span>: ''Leptotes'' em '''Flora Brasiliensis Vol.3 Part.6''':  pp. 254-259. K.F.P. von Martius Ed., 1903. [http://florabrasiliensis.cria.org.br/search?taxon_id=1511 Publicado na Internet, em latim.]</ref>


Johan Albert Constantin Loefgren, botânico sueco radicado no Brasil, recebeu de [[Itatiaia]], no Rio de Janeiro, em 1918, uma  orquídea cujas flores recordavam as de ''Leptotes'' porém com labelo saquiforme, com folhas planas e delgadas, e hábito longamente pendente. Descreveu-a como ''Leptotes blanche-amesiae''.<ref><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Loefgren, Johan Albert Constantin</span>: ''Leptotes blanche-amesiae'' em '''Arquivos do Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro Vol.2''':  p. 58. Rio de Janeiro, 1918.</ref> Anos mais tarde [[Frederico Carlos Hoehne]] concluiu que esta espécie, apesar de certamente relacionada às ''Leptotes'' ficaria melhor classificada em outro gênero, assim, em homenagem a Loefgren, propôs o gênero  ''[[Loefgrenianthus]]'' para acomodá-la.<ref><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Hoehne, Frederico Carlos</span>: ''Loefgrenianthus'' em '''Arquivos de Botânica do Estado de São Paulo Vol.1''':  p. 593. São Paulo, Julho de 1927.</ref> Hoehne também descreveu uma nova espécie, a ''Leptotes pauloensis'', por ter sido encontrada no [[Estado de São Paulo]] em 1934. Esta espécie lembra muito a ''Leptotes tenuis'' porem suas flores são de cores diferentes. Por muitos anos esta espécie esteve sujeita a controvérsias quanto à sua aceitação. [[Guido Frederico João Pabst|Guido Pabst]] considerava-a um sinônimo da última;<ref name="OB"/> em 1990, Withner afirmou que depois de estar desaparecida por muitos anos, finalmente esclareceram-se as dúvidas quanto a sua aceitação pois muitas haviam sido encontradas há pouco e realmente deveria ser aceita como espécie autônoma.<ref name="W"/>
Johan Albert Constantin Loefgren, the Swedish Botanist living in Brazil, received from [[Itatiaia]], Rio de Janeiro, in 1918, one orchid with with pending habit, thin flat leaves, and flowers that rememinded the ones of ''Leptotes'', although its lips formed a pouch. He described it as ''Leptotes blanche-amesiae''.<ref><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Loefgren, Johan Albert Constantin</span>: ''Leptotes blanche-amesiae'' in '''Arquivos do Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro Vol.2''':  p. 58. Rio de Janeiro, 1918.</ref> Later [[Frederico Carlos Hoehne]] concluded this species, despite closely related, might be better placed in another genus thus, as an hommage to Loefgren, proposed the genus ''[[Loefgrenianthus]]'' to accomodate it.<ref><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Hoehne, Frederico Carlos</span>: ''Loefgrenianthus'' in '''Arquivos de Botânica do Estado de São Paulo Vol.1''':  p. 593. São Paulo, Julho de 1927.</ref> Hoehne also described a new species, ''Leptotes pauloensis'', naming it so because is was found in [[São Paulo State]], in 1934. This species is close to
''Leptotes tenuis'' but has flowers of diferent colors. During decades taxonomists were not sure if this was to be considered a good species indeed. [[Guido Frederico João Pabst|Guido Pabst]] considered it as a synonym of the later;<ref name="OB"/> in 1990 Withner claimed that after being desappeared for many years, finally the doubts about its status were cleared as many had been found and it really should be accepted as good.<ref name="W"/>


<!--
Portanto eram conhecidas quatro espécies de ''Leptotes'' em 2004, três bastante diferentes entre si, ''L. bicolor'', ''L. unicolor'' e ''L. tenuis'', e uma quarta, ''L. pauloensis'', ocasionalmente considerada sinônimo da anterior, mas mais frequentemente aceita pelos taxonomistas. Neste ano, o número de espécies dobrou pois outras quatro foram descritas. Mas a história destas descrições começa muito antes, em 1954, quando um dos associados do [[Círculo Paulista de Orquidófilos]], apresentou uma palestra em que discorria longa e informalmente sobre as inúmeras variedades de ''Leptotes'' que encontrara e reunira ao longo dos anos e os nomes que a elas atribuía. Esta palestra foi impressa e distribuída no boletim da associação.<ref><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Krackowizer, F. J.</span>: ''Monografia do gênero Leptotes'' em '''Revista do Círculo Paulista de Orquidófilos Vol.11''', pp. 53-63 e 64-72. São Paulo, 1954.</ref> Em 2004, [[Eric A. Christenson]], conhecedor desta publicação, encontrou em cultivo em coleções particulares nos [[Estados Unidos]] duas das variedades mencionadas na palestra e decidiu descrevê-las formalmente como espécies autônomas. Uma dessas plantas, a ''Leptotes harryphillipsii'', é similar à ''L. pauloensis'' espécie já problemática.<ref name="EC"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Christenson, Eric A.</span>: ''Leptotes harryphillipsii'' em '''Orchids South Africa Vol.35''', pp. 53. Cape Town, 2004.</ref> A outra, ''L. mogyensis'', é uma espécie desconhecida dos orquidólogos e orquidófilos brasileiros a não ser pela planta apresentada por Christenson, supostamente originária de [[Mogi das Cruzes]], em São Paulo.<ref><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Christenson, Eric A.</span>: ''Leptotes mogyensis'' em '''Orchids South Africa Vol.35''', pp. 54. Cape Town, 2004.</ref>
Portanto eram conhecidas quatro espécies de ''Leptotes'' em 2004, três bastante diferentes entre si, ''L. bicolor'', ''L. unicolor'' e ''L. tenuis'', e uma quarta, ''L. pauloensis'', ocasionalmente considerada sinônimo da anterior, mas mais frequentemente aceita pelos taxonomistas. Neste ano, o número de espécies dobrou pois outras quatro foram descritas. Mas a história destas descrições começa muito antes, em 1954, quando um dos associados do [[Círculo Paulista de Orquidófilos]], apresentou uma palestra em que discorria longa e informalmente sobre as inúmeras variedades de ''Leptotes'' que encontrara e reunira ao longo dos anos e os nomes que a elas atribuía. Esta palestra foi impressa e distribuída no boletim da associação.<ref><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Krackowizer, F. J.</span>: ''Monografia do gênero Leptotes'' em '''Revista do Círculo Paulista de Orquidófilos Vol.11''', pp. 53-63 e 64-72. São Paulo, 1954.</ref> Em 2004, [[Eric A. Christenson]], conhecedor desta publicação, encontrou em cultivo em coleções particulares nos [[Estados Unidos]] duas das variedades mencionadas na palestra e decidiu descrevê-las formalmente como espécies autônomas. Uma dessas plantas, a ''Leptotes harryphillipsii'', é similar à ''L. pauloensis'' espécie já problemática.<ref name="EC"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Christenson, Eric A.</span>: ''Leptotes harryphillipsii'' em '''Orchids South Africa Vol.35''', pp. 53. Cape Town, 2004.</ref> A outra, ''L. mogyensis'', é uma espécie desconhecida dos orquidólogos e orquidófilos brasileiros a não ser pela planta apresentada por Christenson, supostamente originária de [[Mogi das Cruzes]], em São Paulo.<ref><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Christenson, Eric A.</span>: ''Leptotes mogyensis'' em '''Orchids South Africa Vol.35''', pp. 54. Cape Town, 2004.</ref>



Revision as of 08:22, 25 February 2009

This article has a Citable Version.
Main Article
Discussion
Related Articles  [?]
Bibliography  [?]
External Links  [?]
Citable Version  [?]
Gallery [?]
 
This editable Main Article has an approved citable version (see its Citable Version subpage). While we have done conscientious work, we cannot guarantee that this Main Article, or its citable version, is wholly free of mistakes. By helping to improve this editable Main Article, you will help the process of generating a new, improved citable version.
Leptotes
Leptotes bicolor
Leptotes bicolor
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Magnoliophyta
Class: Liliopsida
Order: Asparagales
Family: Orchidaceae
Subfamily: Epidendroideae
Tribe: Epidendreae
Subtribe: Laeliinae
Genus: Leptotes
Lindl. 1833
Type species
Leptotes bicolor
Lindl. 1833
Species
Synonym

None

Leptotes is a genus of orchids formed by nine small species of Brazil which exist in the dry jungles of South and Southeast, and also in Paraguay or Argentina. They are small epiphytic plants of caespitific growth, that sometimes resemble little Brassavola, as they share same type of thin terete leaves, however, they are more closely related to Loefgrenianthus.

Some species of Leptotes are widely cultivaded and form showy displays when completely in bloom, yet the majority of species are not commonly found under cultivation, some are rare or even almost completely unknown. Five species have only been described after year 2000. They are not included among the orchids easiest to grow. Beside being cultivated for their ornamental value, there are records of eventual uses of the flowers and fruits of Leptotes bicolor as milk, ice cream, tea and candies aromatizers instead of Vanilla.[1]

Distribution

(CC) Photo: Dalton Holland Baptista
Sandstone cliffs covered by some remaining patches of forest close to Analândia, São Paulo State, Brazil. It is the habitat of Leptotes pauloensis.

The species of Leptotes are originary from Atlantic Forest of Brazil, two species also found in other countries, L. unicolor in Argentina, and L. bicolor in Paraguay, always living epiphyticaly. Three species show high degree of endemism in the South of Bahia State, these do not exist in any other places. The distribution of one species is only an assumption. The states southeastern of Brazil are the ones that present the highest level of species occurrence, however, the extreme limits of distribution range from the Serra da Jibóia chain of mountains, in Bahia, to the North of Rio Grande do Sul State.[2]

The species of the group of wide open flowers, as Leptotes tenuis and L. pauloensis, are more frequent in cloud mountain forests. L. bicolor is the species most spread out and adaptated both to cloud mountanin forests and to the dryer woods of plateaus above of Serra do Mar chain of Mountains. Leptotes unicolor is a plant from coller areas, above 700 meters of altitude, frequently found growing on Araucaria and Podocarpus trees in the Southern areas of Brazil.[2]

Description

(CC) Image: Dalton Holland Baptista
Leptotes distribution map.

The species assigned to the genus Leptotes are plants of short rhizome, of cylindrical section, with very small pseudobulbs that almost imperceptibly prolongate in one, rarely two, short or long, erect or hanging, terete fleishy leaves, of dark green or purple colors, frequently presenting wrinkly surfaces, with a more or less deeper ridge in the face. The inflorescence is apical, generally short, and grows from the apex of the pseudobulb, without a protecting spathe, bearing one to seven flowers, however two or three are more common. The flowers are relatively large when are compared to the plant dimensions, normally partially bent, in some species forming groups of very showy aspect.[2]

Their flowers generally are of different shades of pink, greenish or white, with lip spotted of pale yellow, light purple or lilac, perfumed, which last from ten to twenty days.[3] The petals and sepals are similar, elongated, of the same color, the petals slightly narrower than the sepals. The lip is located along the column, trilobated, with small lateral lobes, raised aside of the column, however never involving it, or flat; the intermediate lobe is much bigger than the lateral ones, showing lanceolated or obovated format, occasionally fleishy, flat or bending backwards; in some species with denticulated edges, in other with smooth ones; rarely calli are present and it has claws wich hold it attached to the sides of the column. This is short, thick and erect, normally greenish, biauriculated, and bears six pollinia of different sizes, two larger in the center and four smaller in two pairs hold by a short caudicle, in an arrangement without similar among the orchids. Their fruits are rounded, succulent and perfumed as the ones of Vanilla.[4]

Leptotes pollination has never been observed and the assumptions about its agents are different, Cássio van den Berg assumes that, because of the colors and morphology of its flowers, they might be pollinated by bees,[2] while other orchidologists indicate the possibility of hummingbird pollination.[3]

Taxonomic notes

Original illustration published by John Lindley when he described the genus Leptotes, in 1833.

In April of 1833, it blossomed in the greenhouse of Mrs. Arnold Harrison, English collector of orchids homaged in diverse descriptions of noted species such as Bifrenaria harrisoniae and Cattleya harrisoniana an unknown species that she had received from Serra dos Órgãos mountains, in Brazil. Little time later, Mrs. Harrison sent a drawing and cut of this plant to the botanist John Lindley, who verified to be a new species. In its description, dated of the same year, Lindley suggests the name of Leptotes, of Greek, mild, delicate, in reference to the appearance of the flowers of this plant. He affirms that Leptotes is similar and close to Tetramicra from which it is distinguished by the structures of the pollinarium and by the lateral lobes of the lip of its flowers, much smaller; and because they have no calcar attached to the ovarium. He also explains that from Brassavola it can be differentiated by the pollinia and trilobed lip. Then Lindley describes its type-species, Leptotes bicolor.[5]

In 1838, Lindley received two similar but slightly different plants, collected in Macaé de Cima and Ilha Grande, in Rio de Janeiro. Considering them different of the previously described species, because the lateral lobes of lip were slightly serrated, because their flowers were bigger, and also because they occasionally had a second leaf by pseudobulb, proposed a new species with the name of Leptotes serrulata.[6] Five years later, the German Count Johann Centurius von Hoffmannsegg, considering that the leaves of one plant he cultivated presented a different green-bluish tone, described the plant calling it L. glaucophylla.[7] When reviewing all the known species Leptotes at the time, in 1990, Carl Leslie Withner, opposing diverse previous taxonomists, who already had noticed the great similarity of all the species described so far, goes yet further and, based on the drawings published by Lindley, finds additional differences between L. bicolor and L. serrulata, affirming that second always bears many more flowers, with up to seven flowers for inflorescence, which is also much longer. [8] Today we know that both descriptions are of slight variations of L. bicolor, that, for its ample dispersion and multiplicity of populations, is a much variable plant.[9]

In 1865, Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach, received, from some unknown locality in Brazil, the second described species to be accepted today, a plant much different from Leptotes bicolor, because of its fewer and smaller rounded flowers, with wide open pale yellowish segments. He published it as L. tenuis.[10] Twelve years later, the third species, Leptotes unicolor, was described by Brazilian Botanist João Barbosa Rodrigues. According to the author, it was a much perfumed little species which he found some colonies with hundreds of plants living epiphyticaly along the banks of rivers Dourado and Sapucai, nearby the city of Alfenas, in Minas Gerais.[11] In 1881, Barbosa Rodrigues found another plant with longer leaves and slight diferences on floral structure, in Joinville, a city that at the time belonged to Paraná State, but today is located in Santa Catarina which didn't exist then, and described it as L. paranaensis.[12] Today this species is considered to be just a variation of L. unicolor he described four years earlier.[13]

Eight years later, Robert Allen Rolfe received form Brazil, also without information of locality, a plant similar to Leptotes tenuis which Reichenbach described in 1865, however, with much thicker and shorter leaves. Rolfe described it as L. minuta.[14] In his revision of Brazilian orchid species, published 1903, Célestin Alfred Cogniaux, ignoring the variability of Leptotes species, both because of populations insolation and because of the variability of lenght and thickness of leaves due to diferent degrees of light exposure on each habitat, accepted this species which we know today is just a variation of L. tenuis. Cogniaux did not have the opportunity to check the types of all other species then described, therefore, he accepted most of them with this remark.[15]

Johan Albert Constantin Loefgren, the Swedish Botanist living in Brazil, received from Itatiaia, Rio de Janeiro, in 1918, one orchid with with pending habit, thin flat leaves, and flowers that rememinded the ones of Leptotes, although its lips formed a pouch. He described it as Leptotes blanche-amesiae.[16] Later Frederico Carlos Hoehne concluded this species, despite closely related, might be better placed in another genus thus, as an hommage to Loefgren, proposed the genus Loefgrenianthus to accomodate it.[17] Hoehne also described a new species, Leptotes pauloensis, naming it so because is was found in São Paulo State, in 1934. This species is close to Leptotes tenuis but has flowers of diferent colors. During decades taxonomists were not sure if this was to be considered a good species indeed. Guido Pabst considered it as a synonym of the later;[13] in 1990 Withner claimed that after being desappeared for many years, finally the doubts about its status were cleared as many had been found and it really should be accepted as good.[8]


References

  1. Lawler, L.J.: Ethnobotany of the Orchidaceae in Orchid biology: reviews and perspectives, Vol.3. J. Arditti Ed., Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, 1984.
  2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Van den Berg, Cássio: Leptotes in Genera Orchidacearum Vol.4, pp. 271-3. Oxford University Press, 2006. ISBN 9780198507123.
  3. 3.0 3.1 Miller, David; Richard Warren; Izabel Moura Miller & Helmut Seehawer: Serra dos Órgãos sua história e suas orquídeas, p. 240. Rio de Janeiro, 2006.
  4. Withner, Carl Leslie: The Cattleyas and Their Relatives, Vol. 3, pp.94-95. Timber Press, Oregon. ISBN 0881922692
  5. Lindley, John: Leptotes bicolor in Edward's Botanical Register Vol.19, t.1625. James Ridgway & Sons Ed. London, 1833. Published on internet.
  6. Lindley, John: Leptotes serrulata in Sertum orchidaceum, t.11. James Ridgway & Sons Ed. London, 1838. Published on internet.
  7. Hoffmannsegg, Johann Centurius von: Leptotes glaucophylla in Botanische Zeitung Vol.1, p. 833. Berlin, 1843.
  8. 8.0 8.1 Withner, Carl Leslie: The Cattleyas and Their Relatives, Vol. 3, p.96. Timber Press, Oregon. ISBN 0881922692
  9. Govaerts, Rafaël et al: World Checklist of Orchidaceae. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. [en http://www.kew.org/wcsp] (Access in January 2009).
  10. Reichenbach, Heinrich Gustav: Leptotes tenuis in Hamburger Garten Blumenzeitung Vol.21, pp. 296. Hamburg, 1865.
  11. Barbosa Rodrigues, João: Leptotes unicolor in Genera et species orchidacearum novarum Vol.1, p.74. 1877. Published on Internet, in French and Latin.
  12. Barbosa Rodrigues, João: Leptotes paranaensis in Genera et species orchidacearum novarum Vol.2, pp.163. 1881. Published on Internet, in French and Latin.
  13. 13.0 13.1 Pabst, Guido & Dungs, Fritz : Orchidaceae Brasilienses vol. 1 p. 148, Brucke-Verlag Kurt Schmersow, Hildesheim, 1975. ISBN 3871050106
  14. Rolfe, Robert Allen: Leptotes minuta in Gardeners' Chronicle Vol.1889-2: p. 323. London, 1889.
  15. Cogniaux, Célestin Alfred: Leptotes in Flora Brasiliensis Vol.3 Part.6: pp. 254-259. K.F.P. von Martius Ed., 1903. Published on Internet, in Latin.
  16. Loefgren, Johan Albert Constantin: Leptotes blanche-amesiae in Arquivos do Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro Vol.2: p. 58. Rio de Janeiro, 1918.
  17. Hoehne, Frederico Carlos: Loefgrenianthus in Arquivos de Botânica do Estado de São Paulo Vol.1: p. 593. São Paulo, Julho de 1927.