R (letter)

R is a letter of the Latin alphabet. It is the eighteenth letter of most variants of the Latin alphabet, being placed after Q and before S: for instance it is the case in the English alphabet. Its English name is pronounced [ˈaː] or [ˈaːɹ], like the word are (with that r silent in British English finally or before a consonant: ah).

Use in English

r is rather weak in most varieties of English. (Compare the trilled r’s of Spanish and Italian or the guttural r’s of French and German, and the two r sounds of Portuguese: it resembles single, medial and final Portuguese r, never double or initial guttural.)

It is pronounced in the front of the mouth (but not so far as Japanese r: the tongue doesn’t go quite so near the teeth): réd, rêal, rîce, wrîte read = rîght correct, side, rún, árrow, írritate, érror, cárry, bárrier, wróng, rāther (the accents show stress and pronunciation: see English phonemes).

But it is silent in BrE, before another consonant, although significantly affecting the pronunciation of the preceding vowel (this is sometimes rather confusingly called ‘post-vocalic’ r: pre-consonantal would be more exact): hàrd, vërse, fïrm, wörd, bŏrn, bürn, heàrt, hëard, cürl, nŏrth, wörk, bïrd, përson, làrge, wård, and silent also in BrE îron metal = îon electron.

It can occur before any consonant, although it is rare before j: përjury, màrjoram, Màrjorie.

As in AmE áfterwards, r before consonants is not silent in General American, Scottish, Irish and many other varieties of English, where, in every example given above, the r is distinctly heard.

r is very often doubled in the middle of words, especially after á, é and ú and before ôw and y, giving the short sound of the preceding vowel: árrow, márrow, búrrow, fúrrow, Térry, Dérry, cúrry, sórry, mérry, márry, hárry, húrry.

And also in bárrack, bárrier, cárrot, érror, térror, jàrring, bàrring, hárrier, férret.

Sometimes it doubles after other sounds: für + -y = fürry, and wòrry (AmE wörry, effect of w on o).

And before -ed and -ing added to words ending in r: stàrring, bàrred (cf. bŏred, from bŏre, which ends in e).

But not always: véry, árid, and never after the sound ã: fãiry, vãry.

rh, from initial Greek r, occurs at the beginning of some words; the h is redundant: Rhôdes, rhodedéndron, rhôdium, rhêsus, rhétoric, rhetórical, rhýthm, rhŷme, rhûbarb, rhápsody, rhêa (a as schwa: *rìə) rheûmatism, rheumátic, and beware of diarrhoêa.

wr, too, is, pronounced r; it too tends to appear at the beginning of words, some very common: wrîte read (= rîght correct, side), wróng, wrétch poor (= rétch vomit), wrítten, wréck, wrŷ, awrŷ.

rêad and wrîte; rîght and wróng: both r- followed by wr-.

rw is rare and accidental: fŏrwards, òtherwise, āfterwards.

Initial re- is pronounced ré- when part of a long-established word: réverie, recolléct, récognise (and in réctify, where ré isn’t actually a prefix) or like an unstressed 'rí'- : recür, revërse, rehëarse, regâle, relŷ, recêive, recoil.

But re-, when less ‘connected’ to the rest of the word, can be stressed equally with the other tonic syllable, as rê-, in verbs: rêcáp, rêdesîgn, rêdo, rêwrîte, rêplây, and receives sole stress in shorter nouns: rêplay, rêtail, and equal stress in longer nouns: rêpercússion, rêdevélopment.

Effect on preceding vowels

r before a consonant is not pronounced separately in BrE, nor usually in Australasian or Welsh English, but it is audible in most American, Scottish and Irish pronunciations. It has an important effect on preceding vowels:

àr: bàr, stàr, stàrt, làrva, càr, margarìne (màrj-), stàrve, Càrl, màrk, vãry, stãre look (= stãir step), cãring, nefãrious, wãres goods, phãraôh, Clãra and similarly in: ãerial, Ãyrshire, BrE mãyor

ãr, ãir: cãring, bãre naked = béãr animal, stãir step = stãre look wãry, ãir, fãiry

But there is a completely different effect after w: wårm, wårning, wårble; ẁarrant, Ẁarwick (= ó, as in ẁas, ẁant, all wà in American English)

ër: për, përson, dërvish, nërvous, fërn, bërth ship (= bïrth born), vërve, përson, prefër - but most often unstressed as in bútter

êar has three sounds:

1. usually = êer: clêar, hêar, wêary, êar, fêar, nêar, bêard, dêar loved, expensive

2.= ër: hëard, ëarly, dëarth, ëarth, lëarn, pëarl

3.= àr: heàrt, heàrth

êer = êar (1): stêer, dêer animal, quêer, bêer, shêer absolute (= shêar shears), vêer, dêer, (sêer is two syllables: *sê-er)

êir: wêir water = Wêir person (= wê’re we are), wêird

eùr: eùro, Eùrope, áneurism, neùral, (all yù-)

ìêr: cavalìêr, chandelìêr, fìêrce, pìêr, pìêrce = Pìêrce (= Pêarce persons)

ïr = ër: gïrl, bïrth, stïr, fïr, dïrt, flïrt

ŏar: ŏar, bŏard, rŏar, sŏar, fly (= sŏre hurt)

ŏr: ŏr: ŏr, fŏrt, tŏrch, mŏrning, wŏrn - but, after w, usually ö: wörth, wörd, wörm, wörk, wörse (but not in BrE wòrry, AmE wörry)ŏr bŏre doŏr nŏrmal bŏrn

ür = ïr = ër: bürn, distürb, hürt, spürn, pürse, fürniture, blür

or as in: pûre, allûre, jûry, AmE sûre

or BrE: sůre, assůrance; in BrE, assůre sounds just like ashŏre.

ûr: pûre, pûrest, fûry, jûry, rûral, dûring

ÿr: mÿrrh, mÿrtle

But unstressed at the end of a word, r, sounded in AmE, silent in BrE, can be preceded by any vowel, and this vowel mostly, apart from in monosyllables, has the schwa sound: dóctor, véctor, fürther, bürsar, Qátar, lêmur, fêmur. Exceptions to schwa: quâsàr, púlsàr.

Spelling pronunciations

Traditionally, one of the r's of Fébruary and lîbrary are silent, though nowadays many people pronounce two rs because of the spelling.

See also

• Spelling pronunciation

British and American English

• Alphabet
• Writing system
• Orthography
• Written language
• Writing