H (letter)

H, h is a letter of the Latin alphabet. It is the eighth letter of most variants of the Latin alphabet, being placed after G and before I: for instance it is the case in the English alphabet. Its English name is pronounced [ˈeɪtʃ], that is aitch, as in 'he drops his aitches', referring to the habit of some speakers, notably cockneys, not to sound initial aspirated h in words like hòuse and héad (the accents show stress and pronunciation: see English phonemes).

Use in English

h between vowels, and usually initially, is a breath outwards, English’s only aspirate. But it also combines with a number of consonants to form other consonants, and sometimes it is merely silent.

The aspirated h is most common initially: háppy, hôme, hélp, hínder, hurrây, héaven, héll, hŷpe.

When not initial, it sometimes looks misleadingly like a combination with another consonant, as in adhêre and dishàrmony, but this is accidental and the h is sounded separately from the preceding consonant; h is also found between vowels as in rehëarse, ahŏy, ahéad and ahém.

Silent h occurs initially in hónest, hónour, hóur time (= our we), héir fortune (= ãir breathe) and in their derivatives: hónourable, hòurly &c; and also in nìhilist (or nîhilist), exhåust, in the suffix -ham in names of towns or surnames: Béckenham, Péckham, Twíckenham, Tóttenham, and in Jóhn (= the less common Jón).

A silent h is also used to lengthen vowels, usually in interjections: àh! ôh! èh? or words from German: Kôhl, Kûhn, àùtobàhn (*òutobàn) and unstressed in Méndelssohn (*Méndəlsən) and unstressed finally in Sãrah, parîah and verándah - all pronouncing ah as schwa.

In vêhicle, silent h separates the i from the preceding ê, making the í a syllable: *vê-í-kle – or as a schwa: *vêəkle, *víəkle. And in names like Côhen and Mêehan the h is not naturally pronounced as such: *Côwən and *Mêeyən.

h combining with preceding letters

A mere breath when pronounced on its own, h is silent after vowels and before consonants and thus does not begin clusters; instead, it shows great versatility in combining with preceding letters:

àh, with silent h, is used in interjections and the like: àh! - bàh! - blàh blàh blàh! -pàh! - yàh bôo!

In German words, it shows the long à sound: Màhler, Stàhl, Bràhms, àutobàhn (òwt-), and in Bahrèin the h can be pronounced.

ch as in choôse, bêach, chéck verify = BrE chéque money, chàr, cóckroach, chát, chêek, chín, côach.

Very often it is preceded by a redundant t: ẁatch, wrétch, cátch, bátch, kétchup, ítching, wítch (for many speakers = whích).

But in some words taken from French, it is pronounced like sh: chìc, machìne, AmE moústáche, BrE moustàche.

Elsewhere, the h is redundant: ch as k: Bucharést (Bùka-), chŏrd, psychólogy, schoôner - while in chémist, àrchive, schême it at least prevents the following e or i from making the c sound like s.

The optional sound [χ] occurs in words from Scottish Gaelic (as also in German Bàch): lóch, Sássenach - though these are often, by non-Scots, pronounced with a final 'k' sound.

dh represents the voiced th sound in Rìyadh.

èh occurs in names from German, like Lèhmann (although compare Lêhman) and in èh? (h silent, showing vowel length).

gh: see GH

hh occurs accidentally in withhôld, withhéld and hítchhîke, where in each case the second h is aspirated as if beginning a new word.

ih occurs in nìhilist (or nîhilist) where the h is usually silent or has the consonantal 'y' sound.

kh appears in words from Arabic, Persian, Urdu and so on. The pronunciation is the same as that of ch in lóch (a rasping in the back of the throat) - and thus many speakers do not distinguish it from k alone: Khàlid, Khàn, shèikh. But in Khmér (*Kəmãir) h is, for once, a vowel, schwa.

ôh! oôh! poôh! are interjections (also: Winnie the Poôh) and, from German, ôhm: silent h.

ph = 'f': nýmph, phrâse, phâse, Dáphnê, phoênix, grāph (but Stêphen = Stêven).

rh = r: Rhôdes, rhôdium, rhodedéndron, rhêsus, rhêtoric.

sh is the normal way of showing the very common sound spelt ch in machìne: shoòt, frésh, cásh, shêet, fâstish, Bangladésh, ásh, pólish, Pôlish, áshen, díshwasher, shùsh! sssssh!

th represents two sounds, one the voiced version of the other.

Voiced th is used in certain functional, and therefore in many cases very common, words: thís, thát, thére, thén, thôugh, althôugh, thús, thérefore, thòu, the/thê article = thêe you, and in òther, mòther, fàther, bròther, rāther, lāther.

Unvoiced th is not uncommon either, especially at the beginning and end of words: thínk, thŏught, throûgh, thòrough (AmE thúrrôw, BrE *thúrrə), thrôw, móth, bôth, ẁrath (-ó-), fífth (*fíth - though some pronounce the second f), fílthy. But the h is redundant in Thaîland (*Tŷland).

úh (h silent; or pronounced schwa) is used as in húh? úh? - same interrogative meaning as èh? - and (mostly AmE) úh-húh yes, and in other improvised interjections - otherwise it appears in German names as ûh: Kûhn.

wh = w in British English but 'hw' in American and some other varieties: what, whére, why, whén, whéther (cf. wéather), sòmewhat, sòmewhere, anywhere (én-), nôwhere, whísky, whîte, Whítsun, wháck, whám.

zh has the sound of -si- in vision or -su- in pléasure, which are the usual spellings for the sound. As zh it occurs only in words from Arabic, Russian and other languages, as in Brézhnev.

See also

• Spelling pronunciation
• Letter (alphabet)
• Alphabet
• Writing system
• Orthography
• Written language
• Writing