Nuclear magnetic resonance/Catalogs/Magnetic nuclei: Difference between revisions

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Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) spectroscopy both exploit magnetically active atomic nuclei.  That is, those elements with [[nuclear spin]].  In general, all atoms whose numbers of protons and numbers of neutroms are both even will not be magnetically active.  When placed in a very strong magnet <!---, possibly superconducting,---> these atomic nuclei will have multiple energy states.  In the simplest case where the nuclear spin = 1/2, the spin can be aligned with or against the field.  By exciting the nuclei with energy, typically in the [[radio frequency]] range of the [[electromagnetic spectrum]], the lowest energy state is excited to a higher energy state.  A signal, call the free induction decay (FID) is then measured as the excited state relaxes back to the lower energy state.  The table below lists the isotope(s) of elements that have nuclear spin and therefore may be used in NMR or MRI spectroscopy.
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) spectroscopy both exploit magnetically active atomic nuclei.  That is, those elements with [[nuclear spin]].  In general, all atoms whose numbers of protons and numbers of neutroms are '''not''' both even will be magnetically active.  When placed in a very strong magnet <!---, possibly superconducting,---> these atomic nuclei will have multiple energy states.  In the simplest case where the nuclear spin = 1/2, the spin can be aligned with or against the field.  By exciting the nuclei with energy, typically in the [[radio frequency]] range of the [[electromagnetic spectrum]], the lowest energy state is excited to a higher energy state.  A signal, call the free induction decay (FID) is then measured as the excited state relaxes back to the lower energy state.  The table below lists the isotope(s) of elements that have nuclear spin and therefore may be used in NMR or MRI spectroscopy.


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Revision as of 16:45, 18 October 2007

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) spectroscopy both exploit magnetically active atomic nuclei. That is, those elements with nuclear spin. In general, all atoms whose numbers of protons and numbers of neutroms are not both even will be magnetically active. When placed in a very strong magnet these atomic nuclei will have multiple energy states. In the simplest case where the nuclear spin = 1/2, the spin can be aligned with or against the field. By exciting the nuclei with energy, typically in the radio frequency range of the electromagnetic spectrum, the lowest energy state is excited to a higher energy state. A signal, call the free induction decay (FID) is then measured as the excited state relaxes back to the lower energy state. The table below lists the isotope(s) of elements that have nuclear spin and therefore may be used in NMR or MRI spectroscopy.

Element/NameIsotope SymbolNuclear SpinSensitivity vs. 1H
Hydrogen1H1/21.000000
Deuterium2H or D11.44 e-6
Tritium3H1/2
Helium-33He-1/2
Lithium-6 6Li 1 0.000628
Lithium-7 7Li 3/2 0.270175
Beryllium-9 9Be -3/2 0.013825
Boron-10 10B 3 0.00386
Boron-11 11B 3/2 0.132281
Carbon-13 13C 1/2 0.000175
Nitrogen-14 14N 1 0.000998
Nitrogen-15 15N -1/2 3.84E-06
Oxygen-17 17O -5/2 1.07E-05
Fluorine-19 19F 1/2 0.829825
Neon-21 21Ne -3/2 6.3E-06
Sodium-23 23Na 3/2 0.092105
Magnesium-25 25Mg -5/2 0.00027
Aluminum-27 27Al 5/2 0.205263
Silicon-29 29Si -1/2 0.000367
Phosphorus-31 31P 1/2 0.06614
Sulfur-33 33S 3/2 1.71E-05
Chlorine-33 33Cl 3/2 0.003544
Chlorine-37 37Cl 3/2 0.000661
Potassium-39 39K 3/2 0.000472
Potassium-41 41K 3/2 5.75E-06
Calcium-43 43K -7/2 9.25E-06
Scandium-45 45Sc 7/2 0.3
Titanium-47 47Ti -5/2 0.00015
Titanium-49 49Ti -7/2 0.00021
Vanadium-50 50V 6 0.00013
Vanadium-51 51V 7/2 0.37895
Chromium-53 53Cr -3/2 8.6E-05
Manganese-55 55Mn 5/2 0.174386
Iron-57 57Fe 1/2 7.37E-07
Cobolt-59 59Co 7/2 0.275439
Nickel-61 61Ni -3/2 4.21E-05
Copper-63 63Cu 3/2 0.064035
Copper-65 65Cu 3/2 0.035263
Zinc-67 67Zn 5/2 0.000117
Gallium-69 69Ga 3/2 0.041579
Gallium-71 71Ga 3/2 0.055965
Germanium-73 73Ge -9/2 0.000108
Arsenic-75 75As 3/2 0.025088
Selenium-77 77Se 1/2 0.000523
Bromine-79 79Br 3/2 0.039649
Bromine-81 81Br 3/2 0.048596
Krypton-83 83Kr -9/2 0.000216
Rubidium-85 85Rb 5/2 0.007544
Rubidium-87 87Rb 3/2 0.048596
Strontium-87 87Sr -9/2 0.000188
Yttrium-89 89Y -1/2 0.00012
Zirconium-91 91Zr -5/2 0.00106
Niobium-93 93Nb 9/2 0.4807
Molybdenum-95 95Mo 5/2 0.00051
Molybdenum-97 97Mo -5/2 0.00032
Technetium-99 99Tc 9/2 0.374386
Ruthenium-99 99Ru -5/2 0.000146
Ruthenium-101 101Ru -5/2 0.000274
Rhodium-103 103Rh -1/2 3.11E-05
Paladium-105 105Pd -5/2 0.000247
Silver-107 107Ag -1/2 3.245E-05
Silver-109 109Ag -1/2 4.84E-05
Cadmium-111 111Cd -1/2 0.001216
Cadmium-113 113Cd -1/2 0.001313
Indium-113 113In 9/2 0.014702
Indium-115 113In 9/2 0.331579
Tin-117 117Sn -1/2 0.003428
Tin-119 119Sn -1/2 0.004421
Antimony-121 121Sb 5/2 0.091228
Antimony-123 123Sb 7/2 0.019474
Tellurium-123 123Te -1/2 0.000156
Tellurium-125 125Te 5/2 0.002193
Iodine-127 127I 5/2 0.092982
Xenon-129 129Xe -1/2 0.005579
Xenon-131 131Xe 3/2 0.000581
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