Butler/Citable Version

A butler (second from left) oversees preparation of a meal within the White House's Family Kitchen during the Bill Clinton administration.Template:Photo

The butler is a senior servant in a large household. In modern usage, the butler is in charge of food service, is the custodian of wine, liquor and silver and supervises other servants. The position has existed for centuries. Usually the butler is the most senior staff member, although this has evolved over time. Even today in the grandest homes or especially where the employer owns more than one residence, there is sometimes an Estate Manager over the butler.

In modern houses where the butler is the most senior worker, titles such as Majordomo, Butler Administrator, Staff Manager, and Head of Household Staff may be used.

In the great houses of the past, the household was generally divided into departments with the butler in charge of the dining room (including the wine cellar) and pantry, and sometimes the entire parlour floor, and a housekeeper who was in charge of the whole house and its appearance. Housekeepers are occasionally portrayed in literature as being the most senior staff member and as even making recommendations for the hiring of the butler.

Origin and development of the post of butler

Servants attending casks on their supports, 18th Egyptian Dynasty, c. 1450 BC. Template:Photo

A slave in charge of wine in ancient Rome. The garb indicates he was probably Phrygien origin.

The modern role of the butler has developed from precedent roles involved with the care and service of alcoholic beverages.

Ancient and European Medieval eras

From ancient through medieval times such beverages were stored chiefly in earthenware vessels, and later wooden barrels, rather than glass bottles, and this would have been an important part of an ancient household's assets. More often than not, the care of these assets was reserved for slaves, who were kept relatively uneducated by their masters, although strict hereditary class lines meant the roles could also go to otherwise free persons.

The biblical book of Genesis contains references to those in roles precursive to modern butlers. The early Hebrew Joseph was sold as a slave into Egypt by his jealous brothers, and there rose as a slave to become בית (bayith), translated most often as "overseer", of his master Potiphar's household. After a twist of events involving a wrongful charge by his master's wife of seducing her, Joseph landed in jail and there interpreted a dream of Pharaoh's שקה (shaqah), meaning "to give to drink", which is most often translated as "chief butler" or "chief cup-bearer".

A Pincerna depicted during the European Middle Ages.

Within ancient Greece and Rome, it was nearly always slaves who were charged with the care and service of wine, while during the European Middle Ages the pincerna, usually a serf, filled the role. The English word "butler" itself derives from the Middle English word boteler (and several other forms), from Old French bouteillier ("bottle bearer"), and before that from Middle Latin butticula. "Butticula", in turn, came down to English as "butt" from the Latin buttis, meaning a large cask. The modern English "butler" thus relates both to bottles and casks, although it could additionally mean a high-ranking official of the crown whose duties minimally included care of the wine.

Centuries later, with the advent of the Medieval era, the European butler emerged as a middle-ranking member of the servants of a great house. In charge of the buttery (originally a storeroom for liquor, but the term later came to mean a general storeroom or pantry), his duties related to the butts or casks where wine was kept.

Victorian era and nineteenth century

In a large house, the butler (center-left) is traditionally head over a full array of household servants. This is the servant staff at the Stonehouse Hill of Massachusetts, the estate of F. Lothrop Ames, 1914.Template:Photo

Gradually, through the Victorian era and into the nineteenth century, as the number of butlers and other domestic servants greatly increased, the butler became a senior male servant of a household's staff. Not only in charge of the butts, he was also over the pantry, which supplied bread, butter, cheese and other basic provisions, and the ewery, which contained napkins and basins for washing and shaving. In the very grandest households there was sometimes an Estate Steward or other senior steward who oversaw the butler and his duties.

Typically, the butler was hired by the master of the house but usually reported to its lady. In the largest of households, the butler was head of a strict service hierarchy and therein held a position of power and respect. Such butlers engaged and directed all junior staff. Butlers were addressed by last name alone by their employers and their employers' children and guests, but as "Mr. [Surname]" by fellow servants, retainers and tradespersons. These butlers were more managerial than "hands on"; they officiated in service rather than actually serving; for example, the butler was at the door to greet and announce the arrival of a formal guest, the door was actually opened by a footman, who would receive that guest's coat and hat. The butler helped his employer into his coat, which had been handed to the butler by a footman. This notwithstanding, even the highest-ranking butler would "pitch in" when necessary (as during a staff shortage) to ensure that the household ran smoothly.

The butler engaged the footmen and assigned their duties. Footmen reported directly to the butler; the first footman (or head footman) was deputy or under-butler and filled in as butler during the butler's illness or absence. In a household without an official Head Housekeeper, female servants and kitchen staff were also directly under his management. Further, in a smaller household the butler usually acted as valet for his employer.

African American butlering in early America

From the beginning of slavery in the American North, in the early 1600s, African Americans were put to task as domestic servants, some eventually as butlers. Puckrein argues that those used in particularly affluent homes authentically internalized the sorts of "refined" norms and personal attributes that would socially reflect highly upon the stature of their masters or mistresses. One of the first books written and published through a commercial U.S. publisher by an African American was by a butler named Robert Roberts. The book, The House Servant's Directory (see link below to full text), first published in 1827, is in reality a manual for butlers and waiters, and is called by Puckrein "the most remarkable book by an African American in antebellum America". The book generated such interest that a second edition was published in 1828, and a third in 1843.

The modern butler

Steven M. Ferry's book, Butler's & Household Managers. Ferry's subtitle, 21st Century Professionals, shows how the role of butler has gone from chattel, to servant, to professional staff.Template:Photo

Beginning around the early 1920s, employment in domestic service occupations began a sharp overall marked decline in western European countries, even sharper in the United States. Even so, there were around 30,000 butlers employed in Britain by World War II. Just around 100 remained by the mid-1980s. Barry Higman centrally argues that a high number of domestic workers within a society correlates with its level of socio-economic inequality. Conversely, as a society undergoes levelling among social classes, the number employed in domestic service declines. Higman additionally argues that the inequality/equality level of a society is a major determinant of the nature of the domestic servant/employer relationship.

Thus, as the 21st century encroached, the butler began taking on more and more duties formerly reserved for junior household servants. Butlers today may carry out whatever household and personal duties their employers deem fitting, all in the goal of freeing up their employer to carry out their own personal and professional affairs. Steven M. Ferry states that the image of tray-wielding butlers who specialize in serving tables and decanting wine is an anachronism, and that employers may well be more interested in the butler capable of managing a full array of household affairs, from providing the traditional dinner service, to acting as valet, to managing high-tech systems and multiple homes with complexes of staff, the latter mirroring the duties often reserved for Estate Steward in the nineteenth century. Except in grand houses and hotels where a butler may specialize, the modern butler is typically an all-purpose household affairs manager who may also be called upon to do mundane housekeeping duties, depending upon the employer. Butlers today may also be situated within corporate settings and Embassies, or within their own small "Rent-a-Butler" business.

Given varied shifts and changes accompanying globalisation, demand for butlers since the turn of the millennium has risen dramatically. According to Charles MacPherson, vice chairman of the International Guild of Professional Butlers, the most proximate cause is that the number of millionaires and billionaires has increased in recent years, and such person are finding they desire assistance managing their households. MacPherson emphasises that the number of wealthy in China has particularly increased, creating a high demand for professional butlers in the country who have been trained in the European tradition of the role. There is additional high demand for such butlers among oil-rich Middle Eastern countries.

In ancient times, the roles precursive to butlering were reserved for chattel or those confined within heredity-based class structures. With the advent of the Medieval era, butlering became an opportunity for significant societal advancement, more so during Victorian times. Still based upon those varied antecedent roles as manifested during their various eras, butlering today has become a potentially lucrative career option, with butlers fulfilling increasingly multiple duties.

Gender and butlering

Butlers have traditionally been male, and this remains the usual case. There are, however, female butlers and they are sometimes preferred; an example would be in cultures where it is unacceptable to have males working intimately with females in a household. The International Guild of Professional Butlers states that there is a "definite demand" for females in the profession, as Middle and Far Eastern families often prefer female butlers, as do female celebrities. Despite this, the Ivor Spencer School asserts that, on the whole, female butlers are not easily placed.

Butler training

In times past, butlers earned their position by working their way up the service ladder. In the documentary The Authenticity of Gosford Park, former butler Arthur Inch describes starting as a hall boy. Today, however, there are numerous private butler schools; top graduates may earn USD 50,000 - 60,000 to start. Additionally, major up-scale hotels such as the Ritz-Carlton offer their own version of butler training, typically geared to preparing butler-specialists in defined areas such as "technology butler", who fix the computers and other electronic devises of guests, and "bath butlers" who draw custom baths for them.

Some schools distinguish between the "British Butler" prototype and its American counterpart. Starkey International, for example, trains and promotes the latter, believing Americans do not have the "servant mentality" that is part of the British Butler tradition and stresses that their American-style butlers and valets are typically educated and certified. The most highly skilled and experienced butlers are reputed to make USD 250,000 plus a full array benefits.

In addition to formal training, a few recent books have been published to assist butlers in their duties. Moreover, websites, as well as a news publication, The Modern Butler's Journal, help butlers network and keep abreast of developments within their field.

Ferry argues that what he calls a butler "mindset" is beneficial to all people within all professions. He states that an attitude of devoted service to others, deference, and the keeping of confidences can help all people succeed.

The butler in art

Heads of Six of Hogarth's Servants by 17th century English artist William Hogarth. Hogarth's butler is in the center.Template:Photo

In a famous painting by the 17th century English artist William Hogarth, he depicted his household servants, each surrounding the butler. In depicting the group in a close-knit assemblage rather than in the performance of their routine household duties, Hogarth sought to profoundly humanize and dignify them in a manner akin to wealthy-class members, who were the normal subjects of such portraits. Whilst a subversive act that certainly raised many eyebrows in his day—Hogarth conspicuously displayed the work in his estate home in full view of guests—he at the same time painted his servants' facial expressions to convey the sincerity and deference expected of servant-class members.

The butler in real-life vs. fiction

For a comprehensive listing of butlers and valets with notes, see Catalogue of butlers and valets.

Reginald Jeeves as portrayed by Stephen Fry in ITV's Jeeves and Wooster series.Template:Photo

The real-life modern butler is discreet and unobtrusive, friendly but not familiar, keenly anticipates and meets the needs of his or her employer, and executes those duties with the utmost grace and precision. The butler of fiction, by contrast, is larger-than-life and has become a traditional plot device in literature and the performing arts. Butlers provide often comic relief with wry comments, clues as to the perpetrators of various crimes and they are represented as at least as intelligent, or even more so, than their "betters". Butlers in fiction almost invariably follow the "British Butler" model, with an appropriate-sounding surname. The Asian, African American, or Caribbean houseboy is a variant, but even these major-domos are based on the British icon.

"The butler" is integral to the plot of countless potboilers and melodramas, whether or not the character has been given a name. Butlers figure so prominently in period pieces and whodunits that they can be considered stock characters in film and theatre where a catch phrase is, "the butler did it!"

The best known fictional manservant, and the prototype of the quintessential British butler, is himself not a butler at all. Reginald Jeeves, the iconic creation of author P. G. Wodehouse is a "gentleman's gentleman" or valet. Alfred Pennyworth, from Batman, unusually known as "Alfred" rather than "Pennyworth", "Hudson" of Upstairs, Downstairs fame, and Crichton from J.M. Barrie's The Admirable Crichton are probably the best-known fictional butlers. Other lesser-knowns include Lynn Belvedere from the novel Belvedere (which was adapted into a feature film with sequels and later a television series); Lurch, from the television series The Addams Family, and Benson from the series Soap and Benson.

Not all frictional butlers are made to play into the "butler stereotype", however. The butler Jennings in the film Gosford Park was coached by Arthur Inch, a longtime real-life butler. Mr. Stevens, the butler in the film Remains of the Day, was also acted true-to-life.

External links

Butlering organizations

• The International Guild of Professional Butlers

Butlering publications

• The Butler Bureau
• The Modern Butler's Journal

Butlering training

• The International Butler Academy
• The International Institute of Modern Butlering
• Starkey International

Links to full text

• The House Servant's Directory by Robert Roberts

Other

• Videos of butlering

See also

• Great house
• Household