Self-organized criticality: Difference between revisions
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
imported>Aleksander Halicz m (→References: category cleanup (is it Wikipedia-free?)) |
imported>Joseph Rushton Wakeling (Edits to intro. Need another, "friendly" sentence at the end of the first paragraph.) |
||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
'''Self-organized criticality (SOC)''' is one of a number of [[physics|physical]] mechanisms believed to underly the widespread occurrence of certain complex structures and patterns observed in nature, such as [[fractal]]s, [[power law]]s and [[1/f noise]]. Technically speaking, it refers to | '''Self-organized criticality (SOC)''' is one of a number of [[physics|physical]] mechanisms believed to underly the widespread occurrence of certain complex structures and patterns observed in nature, such as [[fractal]]s, [[power law]]s and [[1/f noise]]. Technically speaking, it refers to [[dynamical system]]s which have a [[critical point (physics)|critical point]] as an [[attractor]], resulting in the natural evolution of spatial and temporal [[scale invariance]] without the need to tune control parameters to precise values. | ||
The phenomenon was first identified by [[Per Bak]], [[Chao Tang]] and [[Kurt Wiesenfeld]] (BTW) in a seminal paper published in [[1987]] in ''[[Physical Review Letters]]'' | The phenomenon was first identified by [[Per Bak]], [[Chao Tang]] and [[Kurt Wiesenfeld]] (BTW) in a seminal paper published in [[1987]] in ''[[Physical Review Letters]]'' and its concepts have been enthusiastically applied across a diverse range of fields and topics, ranging from [[earthquakes]] and other [[geophysics|geophysical]] problems to [[evolution|biological evolution]], [[solar flares]] and the [[econophysics|economy]]. | ||
SOC is typically observed in slowly-driven [[non-equilibrium thermodynamics|non-equilibrium]] systems with extended [[degrees of freedom (physics and chemistry)|degrees of freedom]] and a high level of [[nonlinearity]]. Many individual examples have been identified since BTW's original paper, but to date there is no known set of general characteristics that ''guarantee'' a system will display SOC. | SOC is typically observed in slowly-driven [[non-equilibrium thermodynamics|non-equilibrium]] systems with extended [[degrees of freedom (physics and chemistry)|degrees of freedom]] and a high level of [[nonlinearity]]. Many individual examples have been identified since BTW's original paper, but to date there is no known set of general characteristics that ''guarantee'' a system will display SOC. | ||
Revision as of 12:59, 14 February 2007
Self-organized criticality (SOC) is one of a number of physical mechanisms believed to underly the widespread occurrence of certain complex structures and patterns observed in nature, such as fractals, power laws and 1/f noise. Technically speaking, it refers to dynamical systems which have a critical point as an attractor, resulting in the natural evolution of spatial and temporal scale invariance without the need to tune control parameters to precise values.
The phenomenon was first identified by Per Bak, Chao Tang and Kurt Wiesenfeld (BTW) in a seminal paper published in 1987 in Physical Review Letters and its concepts have been enthusiastically applied across a diverse range of fields and topics, ranging from earthquakes and other geophysical problems to biological evolution, solar flares and the economy.
SOC is typically observed in slowly-driven non-equilibrium systems with extended degrees of freedom and a high level of nonlinearity. Many individual examples have been identified since BTW's original paper, but to date there is no known set of general characteristics that guarantee a system will display SOC.
Overview
Examples of self-organized critical dynamics
Theoretical models
- Bak-Tang-Wiesenfeld sandpile model
- Forest fire models
- Olami-Feder-Christensen model
- Bak-Sneppen model
Empirical observations
See also
References
- Bak, P. (1996). How Nature Works: The Science of Self-Organized Criticality. New York: Copernicus. ISBN 0-387-94791-4.
- Bak, P. and Paczuski, M. (1995). "Complexity, contingency, and criticality". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 92: 6689–6696.
- Bak, P. and Sneppen, K. (1993). "Punctuated equilibrium and criticality in a simple model of evolution". Physical Review Letters 71: 4083–4086. DOI:10.1103/PhysRevLett.71.4083. Research Blogging.
- Bak, P., Tang, C. and Wiesenfeld, K. (1987). "Self-organized criticality: an explanation of noise". Physical Review Letters 59: 381–384. DOI:10.1103/PhysRevLett.59.381. Research Blogging.
- Bak, P., Tang, C. and Wiesenfeld, K. (1988). "Self-organized criticality". Physical Review A 38: 364–374. DOI:10.1103/PhysRevA.38.364. Research Blogging.
- Buchanan, M. (2000). Ubiquity. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 0-7538-1297-5.
- Jensen, H. J. (1998). Self-Organized Criticality. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-48371-9.
- Paczuski, M. (2005). "Networks as renormalized models for emergent behavior in physical systems". arXiv.org: physics/0502028.
- Turcotte, D. L. (1997). Fractals and Chaos in Geology and Geophysics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-56733-5.
- Turcotte, D. L. (1999). "Self-organized criticality". Reports on Progress in Physics 62: 1377–1429. DOI:10.1088/0034-4885/62/10/201. Research Blogging.