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== '''[[Reuben sandwich]]''' ==
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''by [[User:Hayford Peirce|Hayford Peirce]], [[User:Peter Schmitt|Peter Schmitt]] and [[User:Mary Ash|Mary Ash]] <small>(and [[User:Howard C. Berkowitz|Howard C. Berkowitz]])</small>''
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==Footnotes==
{{Image|Ruben sandwich.jpg|right|200px|Reuben sandwich}}
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A '''[[Reuben sandwich]]''' is usually made with [[rye]] bread, [[corned beef]], [[sauerkraut]], [[Swiss cheese]], and [[Russian dressing]] [[or Thousand Island dressing]], and is griddled, grilled, or fried and served hot. The corned beef is sometimes replaced with [[pastrami]] or thinly sliced [[ham]]; the sauerkraut is sometimes replaced with [[cole slaw]]; and sometimes the bread is toasted. In these, and similar cases, the [[sandwich]] is then frequently called a Rachel. Although generally served hot, it can also be served cold.
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The Reuben sandwich is part of American food folklore and is often associated with Jewish food traditions even though all its variants combine meat with cheese and therefore are not [[kosher]].
 
=== Origin ===
 
Conflicting stories exist about the origin of the sandwich.  The two main competing ones&mdash;both involving immigrants with Jewish roots&mdash;are:
 
*The Reuben sandwich was named for Arnold Reuben, who, in the early part of the 20th century, owned the now-closed Reuben's delicatessen in New York.  Reuben reportedly created the sandwich to honor Annette Seelos, an actress, in 1914.
 
*Alternatively, the sandwich was created by Reuben Kay, a Omaha, Nebraska, grocer, who made the sandwich during the course of a poker game. His sandwich then won a national contest the following year.
 
In order to clarify the [[etymology]] of ''Reuben sandwich'' for the ''Random House College Dictionary'', which cited New York City as its origin, Jim Rader thoroughly researched the two claims after a 1989 complaint by a Nebraskan reader but without arriving at a definite answer.
''[[Reuben sandwich|.... (read more)]]''

Latest revision as of 10:19, 11 September 2020

After decades of failure to slow the rising global consumption of coal, oil and gas,[1] many countries have proceeded as of 2024 to reconsider nuclear power in order to lower the demand for fossil fuels.[2] Wind and solar power alone, without large-scale storage for these intermittent sources, are unlikely to meet the world's needs for reliable energy.[3][4][5] See Figures 1 and 2 on the magnitude of the world energy challenge.

Nuclear power plants that use nuclear reactors to create electricity could provide the abundant, zero-carbon, dispatchable[6] energy needed for a low-carbon future, but not by simply building more of what we already have. New innovative designs for nuclear reactors are needed to avoid the problems of the past.

(CC) Image: Geoff Russell
Fig.1 Electricity consumption may soon double, mostly from coal-fired power plants in the developing world.[7]

Issues Confronting the Nuclear Industry

New reactor designers have sought to address issues that have prevented the acceptance of nuclear power, including safety, waste management, weapons proliferation, and cost. This article will summarize the questions that have been raised and the criteria that have been established for evaluating these designs. Answers to these questions will be provided by the designers of these reactors in the articles on their designs. Further debate will be provided in the Discussion and the Debate Guide pages of those articles.

Footnotes
  1. ↑ Global Energy Growth by Our World In Data
  2. ↑ Countries, organizations, and public figures that have reconsidered their stance on nuclear power are listed on the External Links tab of this article.
  3. ↑ Pumped storage is currently the most economical way to store electricity, but it requires a large reservoir on a nearby hill or in an abandoned mine. Li-ion battery systems at $500 per KWh are not practical for utility-scale storage. See Energy Storage for a summary of other alternatives.
  4. ↑ Utilities that include wind and solar power in their grid must have non-intermittent generating capacity (typically fossil fuels) to handle maximum demand for several days. They can save on fuel, but the cost of the plant is the same with or without intermittent sources.
  5. ↑ Mark Jacobson believes that long-distance transmission lines can provide an alternative to costly storage. See the bibliography for more on this proposal and the critique by Christopher Clack.
  6. ↑ "Load following" is the term used by utilities, and is important when there is a lot of wind and solar on the grid. Some reactors are not able to do this.
  7. ↑ Fig.1.3 in Devanney "Why Nuclear Power has been a Flop"

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