Giichi Tanaka: Difference between revisions
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}}, p. 208</ref> | }}, p. 208</ref> | ||
==Early life== | ==Early life== | ||
He was born in Yamaguchi, from a samurai family, loyal to the [[Chosu Clan]]. In 1892, he graduated from the Army War College, served in the Sino-Japanese War, and studied in Russia in 1898. During the Russo-Japanese War, he was active as a staff officer of the Manchuria Army. | He was born in Yamaguchi, from a samurai family, loyal to the [[Chosu Clan]]. In 1892, he graduated from the Army War College, served in the [[First Sino-Japanese War]], and studied in Russia in 1898. During the [[Russo-Japanese War]], he was active as a staff officer of the Manchuria Army. | ||
==Middle rank== | ==Middle rank== | ||
In 1909, he became chief of Army Affairs Section in the Ministry of War and established the Teikoku Zaigo Gunjinkai | In 1909, he became chief of Army Affairs Section in the Ministry of War and established the [[Imperial Military Reserve Association]] (''Teikoku Zaigo Gunjinkai'') in 1910. The Association was not limited to military reservists, but was an expression of Tanaka's theory that "all citizens are soldiers" under the Emperor, and was principally focused on education. <ref>{{citation | ||
| contribution = The Creation of the Imperial Military Reserve Association in Japan | |||
| title = Recruiting, drafting, and enlisting: two sides of the raising of military forces | |||
| editor = Peter Karsten | |||
| year = 1998 | |||
| publisher = Routledge | |||
| author = Richard Smethurst | |||
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=pnNnYc_FA-QC&pg=RA1-PA145&lpg=RA1-PA145&dq=%22Imperial+Military+Reserve+Association%22&source=bl&ots=WeGchaMuK8&sig=0ivwGjrIEp7LTTQg1x8oeVg_2p0&hl=en&ei=ph54TLmbDoH48AbC9I2ICA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CCoQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=%22Imperial%20Military%20Reserve%20Association%22&f=false | |||
| isbn = 978-0815329756 | |||
}}</ref> | |||
In 1911, he was promoted to director of the Military Affairs Bureau and recommended setting up two new divisions. In 1915, he became vice-chief of the Army General Staff and was involved in the [[Siberian Intervention]]. <ref name=NDL/> | |||
He traveled through China and Manchuria in 1917, producing a document called "The Exploitation of Chinese Resources".<ref>{{citation | He traveled through China and Manchuria in 1917, producing a document called "The Exploitation of Chinese Resources".<ref>{{citation | ||
| Line 23: | Line 34: | ||
| author = Merion and Susie Harris | | author = Merion and Susie Harris | ||
| publisher = Random House | year = 1991}}, p. 121</ref> | | publisher = Random House | year = 1991}}, p. 121</ref> | ||
==High command and cabinet== | ==High command and cabinet== | ||
In 1924, he and other Chosu, fighting a delaying action against the [[Satsuma Clan]], compromised on accepting Army reforms in return for the fall of the [[Keigo Kiyoura|Kiyoura cabinet]].<ref name=DB340/> Afterward, he served as war minister in the Hara cabinet and the second Yamamoto cabinet. In 1921, he became an army general. | In 1924, he and other Chosu, fighting a delaying action against the [[Satsuma Clan]], compromised on accepting Army reforms in return for the fall of the [[Keigo Kiyoura|Kiyoura cabinet]], replacing it with that of [[Takaaki Kato]].<ref name=DB340/> Afterward, he served as war minister in the [[Takashi Hara|Hara]] cabinet and the second [[Gonbee Yamamoto|Yamamoto]] cabinet. In 1921, he became an army general. | ||
===After the Army=== | |||
After retiring from the army, he became president of the [[Seiyukai]] (Constitutional Government Party) and an Imperial nominee to the House of Peers, and became Prime Minister in 1927.<ref>Bergamini, p. 356</ref> During office he promoted the [[Shandong Expedition]]. | |||
===Tanaka Memorial=== | |||
He was alleged to have created a Japanese plan for world domination, called the "Tanaka Memorial", in 1927. While Soviet Premier [[Nikita Khruschev]] warned Indonesia about it in 1960, it is believed to be a Soviet or possibly Chinese forgery.<ref>Harris, pp. 162-163</ref> Bergamini offers the partial explanation that it was prepared by the Chinese, mixing notes of Tanaka and the Study Group of [[Teiichi Suzuki]], creating a position not held by Japan. The Memorial, however, associated the Choshu-Constitutionalist group with imperialism, <ref>Bergamini, p. 359</ref> although it also could be interpreted as a plea for economic development rather than conquest.<ref>Bergamini, p. 1101</ref> | |||
The purported text, which first appeared in Beijing in 1929, but was given new life by the [[Manchurian Incident]], read <blockquote>In the future, if we want to control China, we must first crush the United States just as in the past we had to fight in the [[Russo-Japanese War]]. But in order to conquer China we must first conquer Manchuria and Mongolia. In order to conquer the world, we must first conquer China. If we succeed in conquering China the rest of the Asiatic and South Sea countries will fear us and surrender to us. Then the world will realize that Eastern Asia is ours and will not dare to violate our rights. This is the plan left to us by Emperor Meiji, the success of which is essential to our national existence.<ref>{{citation | |||
| title = Soldiers of the Sun: the Rise and Fall of the Imperial Japanese Army | |||
| author = Merion and Susie Harris | |||
| publisher = Random House | year = 1991}}, p. 162</ref></blockquote> | |||
==Cabinet== | |||
Replacing [[Reijiro Watasuki]] as Prime Minister, he formed a cabinet in April 1927, while the [[Nanking Incident of 1927]] was in progress. | |||
[[Chang Tso-Lin]] was assassinated on 4 June 1928, and with him, Tanaka's China policy. No matter what caused the fall of its cabinet, it was replaced by that of [[Yuko Hamaguchi ]].<ref name=Bix208/> | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{reflist|2}} | {{reflist|2}}[[Category:Suggestion Bot Tag]] | ||
Latest revision as of 06:00, 22 August 2024
Giichi Tanaka, head of the Chosu Clan,[1] was a Japanese military officer, statesman, and Prime Minister in 1929. After retiring from the military, he headed the Constitutionalist Party and supported party, rather than military or Emperor-centric, government. It is clear his cabinet resigned in 1929, but less clear if it was a protest over the assassination of Chang Tso-Lin,[2] or a firing by Emperor Hirohito, displeased about party government. [3]
Early life
He was born in Yamaguchi, from a samurai family, loyal to the Chosu Clan. In 1892, he graduated from the Army War College, served in the First Sino-Japanese War, and studied in Russia in 1898. During the Russo-Japanese War, he was active as a staff officer of the Manchuria Army.
Middle rank
In 1909, he became chief of Army Affairs Section in the Ministry of War and established the Imperial Military Reserve Association (Teikoku Zaigo Gunjinkai) in 1910. The Association was not limited to military reservists, but was an expression of Tanaka's theory that "all citizens are soldiers" under the Emperor, and was principally focused on education. [4]
In 1911, he was promoted to director of the Military Affairs Bureau and recommended setting up two new divisions. In 1915, he became vice-chief of the Army General Staff and was involved in the Siberian Intervention. [2]
He traveled through China and Manchuria in 1917, producing a document called "The Exploitation of Chinese Resources".[5]
High command and cabinet
In 1924, he and other Chosu, fighting a delaying action against the Satsuma Clan, compromised on accepting Army reforms in return for the fall of the Kiyoura cabinet, replacing it with that of Takaaki Kato.[1] Afterward, he served as war minister in the Hara cabinet and the second Yamamoto cabinet. In 1921, he became an army general.
After the Army
After retiring from the army, he became president of the Seiyukai (Constitutional Government Party) and an Imperial nominee to the House of Peers, and became Prime Minister in 1927.[6] During office he promoted the Shandong Expedition.
Tanaka Memorial
He was alleged to have created a Japanese plan for world domination, called the "Tanaka Memorial", in 1927. While Soviet Premier Nikita Khruschev warned Indonesia about it in 1960, it is believed to be a Soviet or possibly Chinese forgery.[7] Bergamini offers the partial explanation that it was prepared by the Chinese, mixing notes of Tanaka and the Study Group of Teiichi Suzuki, creating a position not held by Japan. The Memorial, however, associated the Choshu-Constitutionalist group with imperialism, [8] although it also could be interpreted as a plea for economic development rather than conquest.[9]
The purported text, which first appeared in Beijing in 1929, but was given new life by the Manchurian Incident, read
In the future, if we want to control China, we must first crush the United States just as in the past we had to fight in the Russo-Japanese War. But in order to conquer China we must first conquer Manchuria and Mongolia. In order to conquer the world, we must first conquer China. If we succeed in conquering China the rest of the Asiatic and South Sea countries will fear us and surrender to us. Then the world will realize that Eastern Asia is ours and will not dare to violate our rights. This is the plan left to us by Emperor Meiji, the success of which is essential to our national existence.[10]
Cabinet
Replacing Reijiro Watasuki as Prime Minister, he formed a cabinet in April 1927, while the Nanking Incident of 1927 was in progress.
Chang Tso-Lin was assassinated on 4 June 1928, and with him, Tanaka's China policy. No matter what caused the fall of its cabinet, it was replaced by that of Yuko Hamaguchi .[3]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 David Bergamini (1971), Japan's Imperial Conspiracy, Morrow, p. 340
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Tanaka, Giichi, National Diet Library
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Herbert P. Bix (2001), Hirohito and the making of modern Japan, Harper Perennial, ISBN 978-0060931308, p. 208
- ↑ Richard Smethurst (1998), The Creation of the Imperial Military Reserve Association in Japan, in Peter Karsten, Recruiting, drafting, and enlisting: two sides of the raising of military forces, Routledge, ISBN 978-0815329756
- ↑ Merion and Susie Harris (1991), Soldiers of the Sun: the Rise and Fall of the Imperial Japanese Army, Random House, p. 121
- ↑ Bergamini, p. 356
- ↑ Harris, pp. 162-163
- ↑ Bergamini, p. 359
- ↑ Bergamini, p. 1101
- ↑ Merion and Susie Harris (1991), Soldiers of the Sun: the Rise and Fall of the Imperial Japanese Army, Random House, p. 162