User:Nick Gardner /Sandbox: Difference between revisions

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Social capital is believed to come into being by the process termed [[Emergence (biology)|emergence]] by which a [[complex interactive system]]<ref> defined at [http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Complex_interactive_system/Definition]</ref>  can  transform itself from chaos to order. The initial position is taken to be similar to the "state of nature" envisaged by [[Thomas Hobbes]] in which there is a constant "war of all against all". That condition is taken to be analagous to the [[prisoner's dilemma]] parable <ref> defined at [http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Prisoner%27s_dilemma/Definition]</ref> of [[games theory]], in which both participants suffer unnecessarily  because neither trusts the other. Emergence from that condition is taken to commence when the two protagonists  interact repeatedly and arrive by trial and error at a mutually beneficial [[evolutionary stable strategy]] that once is established  is likely to persist. Experiments with human participants have shown that mutually beneficial strategies involving trust  do tend to emerge, and that their stability  tends to be promoted by an urge to punish defectors. Social capital  then emerges in the form of expectations that others will reciprocate in response to co-operative initiatives; and it can spread through the community as more and more people  become aware of the advantages of cooperation.  
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==Index and Glossary==
There is an index to the topics dealt with in the economics articles [[Economics/Related Articles|here]], and a glossary of economic terms [[Economics/Glossary|here]].


whether or not co-operation takes root will
See also the [[Politics/Index|'''index to the politics articles ''']].
depend on the pre-existing set of social and political relations in the community and on
the degree of inequality and polarization suffered by society
.
Robert Axelrod, The Evolution of Cooperation (New York: Basic Books, 1984).


[[User:Nick_Gardner#Methodology|methodology]]


Social Capital: Explaining Its Origins and Effects on
{|align="right" cellpadding="10" style="background-color:#FFFFCC; width:40%; border: 1px solid #aaa; margin:20px; font-size: 92%;"
Government Performance
|"''The European Union is something ...
CARLES BOIX AND DANIEL N. POSNER British Journal of Political Science (1998)
very precious, not only for us in Europe, but also for the rest of the world. Because the European Union is, in fact, the result of a project for peace that brought together nations emerging from the ruins of the Second World War. It was the European Union that united them in peace around the values of respect for human dignity, freedom, democracy, justice, rule of law and respect for human rights.''"


 
:Merci Olsson, of Nobel Med, congratulating  President Barroso on the award of The Nobel Peace Prize t the European Union, 12 October 2012.
<references/>
|}

Latest revision as of 03:28, 22 November 2023


The account of this former contributor was not re-activated after the server upgrade of March 2022.


Index and Glossary

There is an index to the topics dealt with in the economics articles here, and a glossary of economic terms here.

See also the index to the politics articles .

methodology

"The European Union is something ... 
very precious, not only for us in Europe, but also for the rest of the world. Because the European Union is, in fact, the result of a project for peace that brought together nations emerging from the ruins of the Second World War. It was the European Union that united them in peace around the values of respect for human dignity, freedom, democracy, justice, rule of law and respect for human rights."
Merci Olsson, of Nobel Med, congratulating President Barroso on the award of The Nobel Peace Prize t the European Union, 12 October 2012.
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