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Holmes, S. and Sunstein, C. (1999) The Costs of Rights: Why Liberty Depends on
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Taxes. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.
==Index and Glossary==
Murphy, L. and Nagel, T. (2002) The Myth of Ownership: Taxes and Justice. Oxford:
There is an index to the topics dealt with in the economics articles [[Economics/Related Articles|here]], and a glossary of economic terms [[Economics/Glossary|here]].
Oxford University Press.
Nozick, R. (1974) Anarchy, State and Utopia. New York: Basic Books.
Rawls, J. (1971) A Theory of Justice. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
Rawls, J. (1993) Political Liberalism. New York: Columbia University Press.
Van Parijs, P. (1995) Real Freedom for All. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
White, S. (2003) The Civic Minimum. Oxford: Oxford University Press.


There is general acceptance in principle that tax should be levied on income and that tax rates should increase
See also the  [[Politics/Index|'''index to the politics articles ''']].


Libertarians  argue that taxation of income is unfair because it violates individual rights. Robert Nozick has even argued that ‘"taxation of earnings from labor is on a moral par with forced labor"’<ref>Robert Nozick: ''Anarchy, State and Utopia'', Basic Books, 1974</ref>
[[User:Nick_Gardner#Methodology|methodology]]


Is it not, primarily, the right of a man to himself, to the use of his own powers, to the enjoyment of the fruits of his own exertions? ... As a man belongs to himself, so his labor when put in concrete form belongs to him.<ref> Henry George: ''Progress  Poverty'',  Doubleday, Page & Co. 1879</ref>
{|align="right" cellpadding="10" style="background-color:#FFFFCC; width:40%; border: 1px solid #aaa; margin:20px; font-size: 92%;"
|"''The European Union is something ...
very precious, not only for us in Europe, but also for the rest of the world. Because the European Union is, in fact, the result of a project for peace that brought together nations emerging from the ruins of the Second World War. It was the European Union that united them in peace around the values of respect for human dignity, freedom, democracy, justice, rule of law and respect for human rights.''"


 
:Merci Olsson, of Nobel Med, congratulating President Barroso on the award of The Nobel Peace Prize t the European Union, 12 October 2012.
Holmes and Sunstein argue, on the other hand,  that liberty depends upon taxation because the protection of liberty has costs that have to be paid for<ref>Holmes, S. and Sunstein C: ''The Costs of Rights: Why Liberty Depends on Taxes'', W.W. Norton & Company 1999</ref>
|}
 
Furthermore, the fact that rights have costs means that redistribution is
omnipresent. ‘It does not occur only when the government takes money from
taxpayers and hands it over to the needy. Redistribution also occurs, for example,
when the public force is made available, at the expense of taxpayers generally, to
protect wealthy individuals from private violence and threats of violence’ (Holmes
and Sunstein, 1999, p. 229).
 
Murphy and Nagel argue that such appeals to moral entitlement are
unfounded. Private property is a legal convention which is defined in part by the tax
system. So taxes must be evaluated in light of the overall system of property rights
that they help to create. The appropriate baseline for determining the benefits of
government, argue Murphy and Nagel, is the non-government world described by
Hobbes in Leviathan. In the state of nature there would be a war of all against all.
 
Many
people object to existing levels of taxation not because they subscribe to the
libertarian view of property rights but because they believe that many existing
government policies do not represent the best investment of scarce public funds.
 
 
 
Stuart White calls the "reciprocity thesis"<ref>Stuart White: ''The Civic Minimum'', Oxford University Press, 2003</ref>, which argues  that each citizen who shares in the social product has an obligation to make a corresponding contribution to the community in return
 
Each person, on this view, is in certain respects inviolable. It
may not make sense to say that we deserve to be who we are and to have the
capacities and endowments we have, but they are ours, to use as we see fit.
Our original sovereignty over ourselves- a moral given, not created by the
state- leaves us free to employ our capacities and implies that others have no
right to interfere with that freedom, unless in using it we transgress the rights
 
 
 
 
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Latest revision as of 04:28, 22 November 2023


The account of this former contributor was not re-activated after the server upgrade of March 2022.


Index and Glossary

There is an index to the topics dealt with in the economics articles here, and a glossary of economic terms here.

See also the index to the politics articles .

methodology

"The European Union is something ... 
very precious, not only for us in Europe, but also for the rest of the world. Because the European Union is, in fact, the result of a project for peace that brought together nations emerging from the ruins of the Second World War. It was the European Union that united them in peace around the values of respect for human dignity, freedom, democracy, justice, rule of law and respect for human rights."
Merci Olsson, of Nobel Med, congratulating President Barroso on the award of The Nobel Peace Prize t the European Union, 12 October 2012.
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