Henry's law

Henry's law is one of the gas laws, formulated by the British chemist, William Henry, in 1803. It states that:

At a constant temperature, the amount of a given gas dissolved in a given type and volume of liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas in equilibrium with that liquid.

Formula and Henry's law constant

Henry's law is commonly expressed mathematically as:

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle p = k_{\rm H}\;c}

where:

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle p\,} is the partial pressure of the solute above the solution

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle c\,} is the concentration of the solute in the solution (in one of its many units)

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle k_{\rm H}\,} is the Henry's law constant, which has units such as L·atm/mol, atm/mole fraction or Pa·m³/mol.

Some values for Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle k_{\rm H}\,} include:

oxygen (O₂) : 769.2 L·atm/mol

carbon dioxide (CO₂) : 29.4 L·atm/mol

hydrogen (H₂) : 1282.1 L·atm/mol

when these gases are dissolved in water at 298 kelvins.

As shown in Table 1 below, there are other forms of Henry's law each of which defines the constant Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle k_{\rm H}\,} differently and requires different dimensional units.

The form of the equation presented above is consistent with the example numerical values presented for oxygen, carbon dioxide and hydrogen and with their corresponding dimensional units.

Note that for the above values, the unit of concentration, Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle c} , was chosen to be molarity (i.e., mol/L). Hence the dimensional units: L is liters of solution, atm is the partial pressure of the gaseous solute above the solution (in atmospheres of absolute pressure), and mol is the moles of the gaseous solute in the solution. Also note that the Henry's law constant, Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle k_{\rm H}} , varies with the solvent and the temperature.

Forms of Henry's law

There are various forms Henry's law which are discussed in the technical literature.

Table 1: Some forms of Henry's law and constants (gases in water at 298 K)

equation:	Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle k_{\rm{H,pc}} = \frac{p_{\rm{gas}}}{c_{\rm {aq}}}}	Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle k_{\rm{H,cp}} = \frac{c_{\rm{aq}}}{p_{\rm{gas}}} }	Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle k_{\rm{H,px}} = \frac{p_{\rm{gas}}}{x_{\rm{aq}}}}	Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle k_{\rm{H,cc}} = \frac{c_{\rm{aq}}}{c_{\rm{gas}}} }
dimension:	Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \left[\frac{\rm L_{\rm{soln}} \cdot \rm{atm}}{\rm{mol}_{gas}}\right]}	Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \left[\frac{\rm{mol}_{\rm{gas}}}{\rm{L}_{\rm{soln}} \cdot \rm{atm}}\right]}	Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \left[\frac{\rm{atm} \cdot \rm{mol}_{\rm{soln}}} {\rm{mol}_{\rm{gas}}}\right]}	dimensionless
O2	769.23	1.3 E-3	4.259 E4	3.180 E-2
H2	1282.05	7.8 E-4	7.099 E4	1.907 E-2
CO2	29.41	3.4 E-2	0.163 E4	0.8317
N2	1639.34	6.1 E-4	9.077 E4	1.492 E-2
He	2702.7	3.7 E-4	14.97 E4	9.051 E-3
Ne	2222.22	4.5 E-4	12.30 E4	1.101 E-2
Ar	714.28	1.4 E-3	3.955 E4	3.425 E-2
CO	1052.63	9.5 E-4	5.828 E4	2.324 E-2

where:

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle c_{\rm{aq}}\,} = moles of gas per liter of solution

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \mathrm{L}_{\rm{soln}}\,} = liters of solution

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle p_{\rm{gas}}\,} = partial pressure of gas above the solution, in atmospheres of absolute pressure

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle x_{\rm{aq}}\,} = mole fraction of gas in solution = moles of gas per mole of solution ≈ moles of gas per mole of water

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \rm{atm}\,} = atmospheres of absolute pressure

As can be seen by comparing the equations in the above table, the Henry's law constant Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle k_{\rm{H,pc}}} is simply the inverse of the constant Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle k_{\rm{H,cp}}} . Since all Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle k_{\rm{H}}} may be referred to as the Henry's Law constant, readers of the technical literature must be quite careful to note which version of the Henry's law equation is being used.

It should also be noted the Henry's law is a limiting law that only applies for dilute solutions. The range of concentrations in which it applies becomes narrower the more the system diverges from ideal behavior. Roughly speaking, that is the more chemically different the solute is from the solvent.

It also only applies for solutions where the solvent does not react chemically with the gas being dissolved. A common example of a gas that does react with the solvent is carbon dioxide, which rapidly forms hydrated carbon dioxide and then carbonic acid (H₂CO₃) with water.

Temperature dependence of Henry's law constant

When the temperature of a system changes, the Henry's law constant will also change. This is why some people prefer to name it Henry coefficient. There are multiple equations assessing the effect of temperature on the constant. This form of the van 't Hoff equation is one example:

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle k_{\rm H,cp} = k_{\rm H,cp}^\Theta \; \exp \left[ -C \cdot \left( \frac{1}{T}-\frac{1}{T^\Theta}\right)\right]}

where:
Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle T}	= any given temperature, in kelvins
Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle T^\Theta}	= the standard state temperature of 298 K
Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle k_{\rm H,cp}}	= the solubility form of Henry's law constant at the given temperature (in the units shown in Table 1)
Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle k_{\rm H,cp}^\Theta}	= the solubility form of Henry's law constant at Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle T^\Theta}
Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \exp}	= the exponential function
Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle C}	= a constant with dimension of kelvins

The above equation is an approximation only and should be used only when no better experimentally derived formula for a given gas exists.

The following table lists some values for constant C in the equation above:

Table 2: Values of C (in K)

Gas	O2	H2	CO2	N2	He	Ne	Ar	CO
C	1700	500	2400	1300	230	490	1300	1300

Because solubility of gases decreases with increasing temperature, the partial pressure a given gas concentration has in liquid must increase. While heating water (saturated with nitrogen) from 25 °C to 95 °C the solubility will decrease to about 43% of its initial value. Partial pressure of CO₂ in seawater doubles with every 16 K increase in temperature.

The constant C may be regarded as:

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle C = \frac{\Delta_{\rm{\,solv}}\,H}{R} = \frac{-d \ln\left(k_{\rm{H,cp}} \right)}{d(1/T)} }

where:

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \Delta_{\rm{\,solv}}\,H}	is the enthalpy of solution
Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle R}	is the universal gas constant

Henry's law in geophysics

In geophysics a version of Henry's law applies to the solubility of a noble gas in contact with silicate melt. One equation used is

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \rho_{\rm melt}/\rho_{\rm gas} = \exp\left[-\beta(\mu^{\rm E}_{\rm melt} - \mu^{\rm E}_{\rm gas})\right]\,}

where:
Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \rho}	= the densities of the solute gas in the melt and in the gas phases
Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \beta}	= Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle 1/(k_{\rm B}\,T)\;} , an inverse temperature scale
Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle k_{\rm B}}	= the Boltzmann constant
Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \mu^{\rm E}}	= the excess chemical potentials of the solute gas in the melt and in the gas phases

Raoult's law compared to Henry's Law

In the mathematical expressions of the two laws, both state that the partial pressure of a component in a solution is proportional to the concentration of that component in the solution. Using mole fractions, Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle x} , as the expression of concentration, Henry's law can be written as:

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle p = k_{\rm H}\,x}

This can be compared with Raoult's law:

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle p = p^\star\,x}

where Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle p^\star} is the vapor pressure of the pure component.

Thus, Raoult's law appears to be a special case of Henry's law where Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle k_{\rm H}} is equal to Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle p^\star} . This is true for pairs of closely related substances, such as benzene and toluene, which obey Raoult's law over the entire composition range (such mixtures are called ideal mixtures).

The general case is that both laws are limit laws, and they apply at opposite ends of the composition range. The vapor pressure of the component with largest concentration by far, such as the solvent for a dilute solution, is proportional to the mole fraction, and the proportionality constant is the vapor pressure of the pure substance (Raoult's law).

The vapor pressure of component with the smallest concentration by far, such as the solute in a dilute solution, is also proportional to the mole fraction, but the proportionality constant is the Henry's law constant which must be determined experimentally (Henry's law).

In mathematical terms:

Raoult's law: Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \lim_{x\to 1}\,(p/x) = p^\star}

Henry's law: Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \lim_{x\to 0}\,(p/x) = k_{\rm H}}