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'''Twin studies''' can help determine the proportion of cases of a disease that are due to inherited versus environmental factors.<ref name="pmid9205666">{{cite journal |author=Hawkes CH |title=Twin studies in medicine--what do they tell us? |journal=QJM |volume=90 |issue=5 |pages=311–21 |year=1997 |pmid=9205666 |doi=}}</ref> | '''Twin studies''' can help determine the proportion of cases of a disease that are due to inherited versus environmental factors.<ref name="pmid9205666">{{cite journal |author=Hawkes CH |title=Twin studies in medicine--what do they tell us? |journal=QJM |volume=90 |issue=5 |pages=311–21 |year=1997 |pmid=9205666 |doi=10.1093/qjmed/90.5.311}}</ref> | ||
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==Classification== | ==Classification== | ||
Hawkes proposed the following types of twin studies:<ref name="pmid9205666" | Hawkes proposed the following types of twin studies:<ref name="pmid9205666"/> | ||
===Classical twin method=== | ===Classical twin method=== | ||
The classical twin method compares outcome concordance rates in monozygotic and dizygotic twins. | The classical twin method compares outcome concordance rates in monozygotic and dizygotic twins. The classic twin study calculated the following measures:<ref>Spector, Tim D., Harold Snieder, and Alex J. MacGregor. 2000. Advances in Twin and Sib-pair Analysis. 1st ed. Greenwich Medical Media. ISBN 1841100048</ref> | ||
* A: additive genetic variance | |||
* D: dominance genetic variance | |||
* C: common environmental variance | |||
* E: unique environmental variance | |||
Inheritability is the difference in concordance rates between the monozygotic and dizygotic twins. For example if 100% of the pairs of monozygotic twins are concordant whereas 50% of the dizygotic twins are concordant, then the inheritability is 100%.<ref name="pmid9205666"/><ref name="pmid1621065">{{cite journal| author=McGue M| title=When assessing twin concordance, use the probandwise not the pairwise rate. | journal=Schizophr Bull | year= 1992 | volume= 18 | issue= 2 | pages= 171-6 | pmid=1621065 |doi=10.1093/schbul/18.2.171| url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=clinical.uthscsa.edu/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1621065 }} </ref> | |||
:<math>\text{Inheritability} = 2*\left(r_\text{monozygotic} - r_\text{dizygotic}\right)</math> | |||
Where r = "the correlation of liability derived from the concordance rate."<ref name="pmid9205666"/><ref name="pmid1621065"/> | |||
===Co-twin control method=== | ===Co-twin control method=== | ||
| Line 17: | Line 26: | ||
Twin studies assume that monozygous and dizygous twins have similar prenatal environments; however, the fetal environments of monozygous and dizygous twins may differ.<ref name="pmid8096890">{{cite journal |author=Phillips DI |title=Twin studies in medical research: can they tell us whether diseases are genetically determined? |journal=Lancet |volume=341 |issue=8851 |pages=1008–9 |year=1993 |pmid=8096890 |doi=}}</ref><ref name="pmid12269999">{{cite journal |author=Sørensen TI |title=Contributions and potentials of Swedish twin research |journal=J. Intern. Med. |volume=252 |issue=3 |pages=181–3 |year=2002 |pmid=12269999 |doi=}}</ref> | Twin studies assume that monozygous and dizygous twins have similar prenatal environments; however, the fetal environments of monozygous and dizygous twins may differ.<ref name="pmid8096890">{{cite journal |author=Phillips DI |title=Twin studies in medical research: can they tell us whether diseases are genetically determined? |journal=Lancet |volume=341 |issue=8851 |pages=1008–9 |year=1993 |pmid=8096890 |doi=}}</ref><ref name="pmid12269999">{{cite journal |author=Sørensen TI |title=Contributions and potentials of Swedish twin research |journal=J. Intern. Med. |volume=252 |issue=3 |pages=181–3 |year=2002 |pmid=12269999 |doi=}}</ref> | ||
As a separate problem, about one third of monozygotic twins are dichorionic. Dichorionic type twins have separate sets of fetal membranes due to their common ovum having divided at an early stage.<ref name="pmid8096890">{{cite journal |author=Phillips DI |title=Twin studies in medical research: can they tell us whether diseases are genetically determined? |journal=Lancet |volume=341 |issue=8851 |pages=1008–9 |year=1993 |pmid=8096890 |doi=}}</ref> The importance of this can be shown in studies that find different rates of concordance between monozygotic twins that are monochorionic verus dichorionic.<ref name="pmid11360946">{{cite journal |author=Loos RJ, Beunen G, Fagard R, Derom C, Vlietinck R, Phillips DI |title=Twin studies and estimates of heritability |journal=Lancet |volume=357 |issue=9266 |pages=1445 |year=2001 |pmid=11360946 |doi=}}</ref> Some experts propose that twin studies should exclude monozygotic monochorionic pairs and monozygous dichorionic pairs with different birthweights.<ref name="pmid8096890">{{cite journal |author=Phillips DI |title=Twin studies in medical research: can they tell us whether diseases are genetically determined? |journal=Lancet |volume=341 |issue=8851 |pages=1008–9 |year=1993 |pmid=8096890 |doi=}}</ref> | As a separate problem, about one third of monozygotic twins are dichorionic. Dichorionic type twins have separate sets of fetal membranes due to their common ovum having divided at an early stage.<ref name="pmid8096890">{{cite journal |author=Phillips DI |title=Twin studies in medical research: can they tell us whether diseases are genetically determined? |journal=Lancet |volume=341 |issue=8851 |pages=1008–9 |year=1993 |pmid=8096890 |doi=}}</ref> The importance of this can be shown in studies that find different rates of concordance between monozygotic twins that are monochorionic verus dichorionic.<ref name="pmid11360946">{{cite journal |author=Loos RJ, Beunen G, Fagard R, Derom C, Vlietinck R, Phillips DI |title=Twin studies and estimates of heritability |journal=Lancet |volume=357 |issue=9266 |pages=1445 |year=2001 |pmid=11360946 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(00)04594-3}}</ref> Some experts propose that twin studies should exclude monozygotic monochorionic pairs and monozygous dichorionic pairs with different birthweights.<ref name="pmid8096890">{{cite journal |author=Phillips DI |title=Twin studies in medical research: can they tell us whether diseases are genetically determined? |journal=Lancet |volume=341 |issue=8851 |pages=1008–9 |year=1993 |pmid=8096890 |doi=}}</ref> | ||
===Methods of recruiting twins for study=== | ===Methods of recruiting twins for study=== | ||
Twins should be recruited from regional and national registries such as the Swedish Twin Registry.<ref name="pmid12270000">{{cite journal |author=Lichtenstein P, De Faire U, Floderus B, Svartengren M, Svedberg P, Pedersen NL |title=The Swedish Twin Registry: a unique resource for clinical, epidemiological and genetic studies |journal=J. Intern. Med. |volume=252 |issue=3 |pages=184–205 |year=2002 |pmid=12270000 |doi=}}</ref>. Recruiting volunteer pairs may bias towards monozygotic concordance.<ref name="pmid9205666" | Twins should be recruited from regional and national registries such as the Swedish Twin Registry.<ref name="pmid12270000">{{cite journal |author=Lichtenstein P, De Faire U, Floderus B, Svartengren M, Svedberg P, Pedersen NL |title=The Swedish Twin Registry: a unique resource for clinical, epidemiological and genetic studies |journal=J. Intern. Med. |volume=252 |issue=3 |pages=184–205 |year=2002 |pmid=12270000 |doi=}}</ref>. Recruiting volunteer pairs may bias towards monozygotic concordance.<ref name="pmid9205666"/> | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
<small> | |||
<references/> | <references/> | ||
</small> | |||
==External links== | |||
* [http://depts.washington.edu/uwccer/twin-registry/about-registry/ University of Washington Twin Registry] | |||
[[Category:Suggestion Bot Tag]] | |||
Latest revision as of 11:00, 31 October 2024
Twin studies can help determine the proportion of cases of a disease that are due to inherited versus environmental factors.[1]
Classification
Hawkes proposed the following types of twin studies:[1]
Classical twin method
The classical twin method compares outcome concordance rates in monozygotic and dizygotic twins. The classic twin study calculated the following measures:[2]
- A: additive genetic variance
- D: dominance genetic variance
- C: common environmental variance
- E: unique environmental variance
Inheritability is the difference in concordance rates between the monozygotic and dizygotic twins. For example if 100% of the pairs of monozygotic twins are concordant whereas 50% of the dizygotic twins are concordant, then the inheritability is 100%.[1][3]
Where r = "the correlation of liability derived from the concordance rate."[1][3]
Co-twin control method
In the co-twin control method, discordant monozygotic are closely compared which creates matched pair control. In this design, a single pair of twins may sometimes suffice.
Biometrical genetic methods
Problems with twin studies
Prenatal environment
Twin studies assume that monozygous and dizygous twins have similar prenatal environments; however, the fetal environments of monozygous and dizygous twins may differ.[4][5]
As a separate problem, about one third of monozygotic twins are dichorionic. Dichorionic type twins have separate sets of fetal membranes due to their common ovum having divided at an early stage.[4] The importance of this can be shown in studies that find different rates of concordance between monozygotic twins that are monochorionic verus dichorionic.[6] Some experts propose that twin studies should exclude monozygotic monochorionic pairs and monozygous dichorionic pairs with different birthweights.[4]
Methods of recruiting twins for study
Twins should be recruited from regional and national registries such as the Swedish Twin Registry.[7]. Recruiting volunteer pairs may bias towards monozygotic concordance.[1]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Hawkes CH (1997). "Twin studies in medicine--what do they tell us?". QJM 90 (5): 311–21. DOI:10.1093/qjmed/90.5.311. PMID 9205666. Research Blogging.
- ↑ Spector, Tim D., Harold Snieder, and Alex J. MacGregor. 2000. Advances in Twin and Sib-pair Analysis. 1st ed. Greenwich Medical Media. ISBN 1841100048
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 McGue M (1992). "When assessing twin concordance, use the probandwise not the pairwise rate.". Schizophr Bull 18 (2): 171-6. DOI:10.1093/schbul/18.2.171. PMID 1621065. Research Blogging.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Phillips DI (1993). "Twin studies in medical research: can they tell us whether diseases are genetically determined?". Lancet 341 (8851): 1008–9. PMID 8096890. [e]
- ↑ Sørensen TI (2002). "Contributions and potentials of Swedish twin research". J. Intern. Med. 252 (3): 181–3. PMID 12269999. [e]
- ↑ Loos RJ, Beunen G, Fagard R, Derom C, Vlietinck R, Phillips DI (2001). "Twin studies and estimates of heritability". Lancet 357 (9266): 1445. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(00)04594-3. PMID 11360946. Research Blogging.
- ↑ Lichtenstein P, De Faire U, Floderus B, Svartengren M, Svedberg P, Pedersen NL (2002). "The Swedish Twin Registry: a unique resource for clinical, epidemiological and genetic studies". J. Intern. Med. 252 (3): 184–205. PMID 12270000. [e]