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[[Image:OSXLeopardDP.jpg|thumb|right|300px|A screenshot of the developer preview of Mac OS 10.5 "Leopard".]]
{{subpages}}
{{Infobox Software
| name            = Mac OS X
| screenshot      = OSXLeopardDP.jpg
| website          = www.apple.com/macosx
| developer        = [[Apple Inc.]]
| type            = [[Operating System]]
| release_first    = 10.0 - 24th March 2001
| release_stable  = 10.6.2 - 9th November 2008
| source_model    = [[Closed source]] <br /> (with [[open source]] components)
| licence          = [[proprietary software|proprietary]]
| os_family        = [[BSD]]/[[Darwin (operating system)|Darwin]]/[[NEXTSTEP]]
| kernel_type      = [[Hybrid kernel]] ([[XNU]])
| ui              = [[Aqua (user interface)|Aqua]]
| platform        = [[x86]], [[x86-64]], [[PowerPC]], [[ARM]]
}}
'''Mac OS X''' is a [[proprietary software|proprietary]], [[Unix]] [[operating system]] developed, marketed, and sold by [[Apple Inc.]], which currently ships on all [[Macintosh]] computers. It succeeds the original [[Mac OS]] with its [[Aqua (user interface)|Aqua]] [[graphical user interface]] and [[Cocoa (API)|Cocoa]] [[API]], based on technologies of the defunct [[OPENSTEP]] operating system from [[NeXT]], absorbed with Apple's purchase in late 1996.<ref>{{ cite web | last = Singh | first = Amit | title = A Brief History of Mac OS X | url = http://www.kernelthread.com/mac/osx/history.html | work = What is Mac OS X? | date = 2004-01-07 }}</ref> The operating system was first released in 1999 in the form Mac OS X Server 1.0, with a desktop-oriented version following in March 2001. Mac OS X has ever since become the most used and probably most popular Unix in the world. Its [[open source]] core, named [[Darwin (operating system)|Darwin]], is based on [[FreeBSD]] and the [[XNU]] [[microkernel]] (which is a [[Mach]]-based microkernel design). Notably OS X offers both an intuitive graphical interface but also integrates much open source software, and "Unix is under the hood," via the Terminal command-line application.<ref>{{ cite web | last = Singh | first = Amit | title = Architecture of Mac OS X | url = http://www.kernelthread.com/mac/osx/arch.html | work = What is Mac OS X? | date = 2004-01-07 }}</ref> Mac OS X 10.5 "Leopard" is an Open Brand UNIX 03 Registered Product, conforming to the [[Single UNIX Specification|SUS]] v3 and [[POSIX]] 1003.1 specifications for the C API, Shell Utilities, and Threads.<ref>http://www.apple.com/macosx/technology/unix.html</ref> In layman's terms this can be simply stated as "Mac OS X is a certified Unix."


'''Mac OS X''' is a proprietary, [[Unix]]-like [[operating system]] developed, marketed, and sold by [[Apple Inc.]], which currently ships on all Macintosh computers. It succeeds the original [[Mac OS]] with its [[Aqua (user interface)|Aqua]] [[graphical user interface]] and [[Cocoa (API)|Cocoa]] [[API]], based on technologies of the dead [[OPENSTEP]] operating system from [[NeXT]], absorbed with Apple's purchase in late 1996.<ref>{{ cite web | last = Singh | first = Amit | title = A Brief History of Mac OS X | url = http://www.kernelthread.com/mac/osx/history.html | work = What is Mac OS X? | date = 2004-01-07 }}</ref> The operating system was first released in 1999 in the form Mac OS X Server 1.0, with a desktop-oriented version following in March 2001. Mac OS X has ever since become the most used and probably most popular Unix in the world. Its [[open source]] core, named [[Darwin (operating system)|Darwin]], is based on [[FreeBSD]] and the [[Mach]] [[microkernel]] and integrates many open source software.<ref>{{ cite web | last = Singh | first = Amit | title = Architecture of Mac OS X | url = http://www.kernelthread.com/mac/osx/arch.html | work = What is Mac OS X? | date = 2004-01-07 }}</ref> It comes with Apple's free [[software development]] suite named [[Xcode]]. Freely supplied with every Macintosh.
==History==
The Mac OS X project was born out of a failed attempt to fully modernize the aging [[Mac OS 9]] operating system. Mac OS up to that point was still using such outdated operating system technologies as cooperative multitasking and a networking stack that was plagued with performance issues. Mac OS 9 compared to the [[Microsoft]] Windows 98 operating system in this respect. Apple wanted something that could compete with Windows NT in stability, reliability and performance.
 
The collapse of the [[Copland project]] directly led to Apple opting to "start from scratch" for the tenth version of its operating system. As they needed a new operating system as soon as possible, Apple surveyed an array of [[operating system|operating systems]] to buy out and make their own, and they even considered licensing Microsoft's [[Microsoft Windows|Windows NT]]. <ref name="RoughlyDrafted">{{cite web | url=http://www.roughlydrafted.com/RD/RDM.Tech.Q1.07/4B800F78-0F75-455A-9681-F186A4365805.html
| title="Cocoa and the Death of Yellow Box and Rhapsody" | author="RoughlyDrafted" | date=Retrieved 2007-04-17
}}</ref> Another candidate was [[Be Inc]]'s [[BeOS]]; however NeXT's [[NeXTstep]] was ultimately chosen to be the starting point for the next Mac OS version, code-named [[Rhapsody (operating system)|Rhapsody]]. Shortly after this decision was made, NeXT Inc. was bought out and folded into Apple.


==Platforms==
{{Image|RhapsodyDR2.png|left|150px|Rhapsody Developer Release 2}}
The Rhapsody project would join the XNU Mach-based microkernel,  a BSD-based operating system layer, and two developer frameworks (or [[API|APIs]]). The existing "Classic" Mac OS would run in a [[virtual machine]] on top of OS X called the "Blue Box."<ref name="RoughlyDrafted"/> The OpenStep derived Yellow Box API was modified during OS X development, and evolved into the [[Cocoa API]]. Cocoa would come to be the de facto API on Mac OS X. If developers didn't want to make the jump to Cocoa, they could choose to write native OS X programs using the "classic API" Carbon. The "Blue Box" existed solely for backwards compatibility with non-native OS X programs that would not be [[ported]] over to either Carbon or Cocoa, and existed only on the [[PowerPC]] platform. These programs would not gain the stability improvements of OS X, and one program misbehaving could crash the Mac OS 9-based "Blue Box" (but notably not OS X itself).


Mac OS X is multi-platform, with builds in Apple products running on [[PowerPC]] [[processor]]s, [[x86]] and [[x86-64]] processors, and at least one form of [[ARM]] processor.
Over time Rhapsody evolved into [[Mac OS X Server|Mac OS X Server 1.0]]<ref>{{cite web | first = Scott | last = Anguish | title = Apple Renames Rhapsody, now Mac OS X Server | url = http://www.stepwise.com/Articles/Business/RhapsodyRenamed.html | date = 1998-07-09 }}</ref>, the direct predecessor to Mac OS X. It carried the "Server" name because it did not ship with the Aqua user interface, one of the most notable new features of OS X. This new interface was first present in the third developer preview of Mac OS X.


==Description==
While backwards-compatibility was a major point in the first release of the operating system, each new version of Mac OS X has evolved away from it, with the transition to [[Intel]] processors making Apple finally discard the "Classic" runtime environment, included in versions for the PowerPC. OS X running on [[Intel]] [[CPU|processors]] does not include the Classic "Blue Box" environment.


Mac OS X was a radical departure from previous Macintosh operating systems, its underlying code base being completely different from previous versions. Unlike its predecessors, Mac OS X is a Unix-like operating system and includes standard Unix utilities, available from the command line interface. This core of the operating system is named Darwin, which is built on top of the hybrid kernel XNU, a combination of the Mach 3 microkernel, various elements of FreeBSD 5 like the process model, network stack, and virtual file system and an object-oriented device driver API called I/O Kit. Apple layered over Darwin a number of proprietary components, including the Aqua interface and the Finder, to complete the GUI-based operating system which is Mac OS X.
Mac OS X has seen 7 releases as of early 2007. [[Mac OS X v10.0]] was the first release, and [[Mac OS X v10.6|Mac OS X v10.6.2]] is the most recent.


==History==
==Description==


Following the limited success of Apple attempts to modernize its Mac OS (the [[Copland Project]]), the company decided to use existing technology for the tenth version of its operating system. While [[Be Inc]] seemed to be the most appropriate candidate, NeXT's technologies were chosen as the basis for Apple's new operating system. [[Rhapsody (operating system)|Rhapsody]], code name for the system, joined the Mach microkernel, a BSD operating system layer, the Yellow Box object-oriented frameworks from OPENSTEP and the Blue Box environment for [[backwards-compatibility]] with the classic [[Mac OS 9|Mac OS]]. Rhapsody evolved into [[Mac OS X Server|Mac OS X Server 1.0]]<ref>{{cite web | first = Scott | last = Anguish | title = Apple Renames Rhapsody, now Mac OS X Server | url = http://www.stepwise.com/Articles/Business/RhapsodyRenamed.html | date = 1998-07-09 }}</ref>, which became the predecessor to Mac OS X. Each new version of Mac OS X evolved away from its backward compatibility with the earlier versions of Mac OS, with the transition to [[Intel]] processors making Apple finally discard the Classic mode, included in versions for the PowerPC.
Mac OS X is a radical departure from previous Macintosh operating systems, its underlying code base being completely different from previous versions. Unlike its predecessors, Mac OS X is a Unix-like operating system and includes standard Unix utilities, available from the command line interface. Darwin, the core of the operating system, is built on top of the [[hybrid kernel]] [[XNU]], which is a combination of the Mach 3 microkernel, various elements of FreeBSD 5 like the process model, network stack, and virtual file system and an object-oriented device driver API called I/O Kit. Apple layered over Darwin a number of proprietary components, most notably the [[Quartz (graphics layer)|Quartz graphics layer]] and the Aqua interface, to complete the GUI-based operating system which is Mac OS X. It includes Apple's free [[software development]] tools, most notably Apple's [[integrated development environment]] named [[XCode]], which supports [[programming language|programming languages]] such as [[C (programming language)|C]], [[C++]], [[Objective-C]], and [[Java programming language|Java]].


Mac OS X has seen 5 releases as of early 2007. [[Mac OS 10.0]] was the first release, and [[Mac OS 10.4]] is the most recent, with a projected release of the next major iteration —[[Mac OS 10.5]] "Leopard"— sometime in spring [[2007]].
Mac OS X includes a number of features intended to make the operating system more stable and reliable than Apple's previous operating systems. [[Pre-emptive multitasking]] and [[memory protection]], for example, improved the ability of the operating system to run multiple applications simultaneously without them interrupting or corrupting each other. Many aspects of Mac OS X's architecture are derived from OPENSTEP, which was designed with portability in mind, thus easing the transition from one platform to another. NEXTSTEP was ported from the original [[68k]]-based NeXT workstations to other architectures before NeXT was purchased by Apple, and OPENSTEP was subsequently ported to the PowerPC architecture as part of the Rhapsody project. Thus, Mac OS X is able to run on multiple platforms. While the first 4 releases only were only sold for the [[PowerPC]] [[processor]]s, Mac OS X has had builds running on the [[x86]] and [[x86-64]] processors since its conception. The x86 version of the operating system has become mainstream since Apple's transition to [[Intel]], which started with version 10.4. The [[iPhone]] version of OS X is also supposed to able to run on at least one form of [[ARM]] processor.


== Versions ==
== Versions ==


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!Version !! Code name* !! Release date !! Major new features
!Retail box !!Version !! Code name* !! Release date !! New features
|----
|[[Image:OSXBox100101.jpg]] || align=center|10.0 || align=center|Cheetah || align=center|March 24, 2001 ||
*Aqua user interface
*Carbon & Cocoa APIs
*Quartz graphics engine
*Darwin UNIX-based core<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2001/mar/07macosx_gm.html | title = Mac OS X “Gold Master” Released To Manufacturing | date = 2001-03-07 }}</ref>
|----
|----
|10.0 || Cheetah || March 24, 2001<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2001/mar/07macosx_gm.html | title = Mac OS X “Gold Master” Released To Manufacturing | date = 2001-03-07 }}</ref> ||
|[[Image:OSXBox100101.jpg]] || align=center|10.1 || align=center|Puma || align=center|September 25, 2001 ||
* Improved system performance
* Enhanced Aqua interface
* Data CD burning within the Finder
* DVD video playback<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2001/jul/18macosx.html | title = Apple Previews Next Version of Mac OS X | date = 2001-07-18 }}</ref>
|----
|----
|10.1 || Puma || September 25, 2001 || CD and DVD burning, DVD Player<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2001/jul/18macosx.html | title = Apple Previews Next Version of Mac OS X | date = 2001-07-18 }}</ref>
|[[Image:OSXBox102.jpg]] || align=center|10.2 || align=center|Jaguar || align=center|August 24, 2002 ||
* Enhanced Mail
* iChat
* New Address Book
* Inkwell
* MPEG-4 support
* Universal Access
* Enhanced Finder
* Sherlock 3
* Rendezvous
* Quartz Extreme<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2002/jul/17jaguar.html | title = Apple Introduces “Jaguar,” the Next Major Release of Mac OS X | date = 2002-07-17 }}</ref>
|----
|----
|10.2 || Jaguar || August 24, 2002 || iChat<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2002/jul/17jaguar.html | title = Apple Introduces “Jaguar,” the Next Major Release of Mac OS X | date = 2002-07-17 }}</ref>
|[[Image:OSXBox103.jpg]] || align=center|10.3 || align=center|Panther || align=center|October 24, 2003 ||
* '''User oriented'''
** Exposé
** iChat AV
** Safari
** Fast User Switching
** FileVault
** Font Book
** Enhanced Mail
** New Address Book
* '''Developer oriented'''
** XCode<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2003/oct/08panther.html | title = Apple Announces Mac OS X “Panther” | date = 2003-10-24 }}</ref>
|----
|----
|10.3 || Panther || October 24, 2003 || Exposé, Safari<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2003/oct/08panther.html | title = Apple Announces Mac OS X “Panther” | date = 2003-10-24 }}</ref>
|[[Image:OSXBox104.jpg]] || align=center|10.4 || align=center|Tiger || align=center|April 29, 2005 ||
* '''User oriented'''
** Spotlight
** Dashboard
** Automator
** VoiceOver
** Quicktime 7
** Mail 2
** iCal 2
** Font Book 2
* '''Developer oriented'''
** Core Audio
** Core Video
** XCode 2<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2005/apr/12tiger.html | title = Apple to Ship Mac OS X “Tiger” on April 29 | date = 2005-04-12 }}</ref>
|----
|----
|10.4 || Tiger || April 29, 2005 || Spotlight, Dashboard<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2005/apr/28tiger.html | title = Apple Unleashes “Tiger” Friday at 6:00 p.m. | date = 2005-04-28 }}</ref>
| align=center|No image yet || align=center|10.5 || align=center|Leopard || align=center|October 26, 2007 ||
* '''User oriented'''
** Time Machine
** Spaces
** Boot Camp
** Improved Front Row
** Improved Photo Booth
** iCal 3
** Improved Spotlight
* '''Developer oriented'''
** Full native 64-bit support
** Core Animation
** Dashcode
** [[Objective C]] 2.0
** XCode 3<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2006/aug/07leopard.html | title = Apple Previews Mac OS X Leopard | date = 2006-08-07 }}</ref>
|----
|----
|10.5 || Leopard || Spring 2007 || Time Machine, ZFS, Spaces<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2006/aug/07leopard.html | title = Apple Previews Mac OS X Leopard | date = 2006-08-07 }}</ref>
| align=center|No image yet || align=center|10.6 || align=center|Snow Leopard || align=center|August 28, 2009 ||
* '''User oriented'''
** Cocoa Finder
** Quicktime X
* '''Developer oriented'''
** 64-bit
** Grand Central Dispatch
** OpenCL*<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2009/06/08macosx.html | title = Apple Unveils Mac OS X Snow Leopard | date = 2009-06-08 }}</ref>
|}
|}


*From version 10.2 onwards, code names were employed for [[branding]].
<nowiki>*</nowiki> From version 10.2 onwards, code names were employed for [[branding]].


==References==
==References==


<references/>
<references/>[[Category:Suggestion Bot Tag]]
 
==External links==
 
*[http://www.apple.com/macosx/ Mac OS X] - The official Apple web page for the Mac OS X operating system
*[http://developer.apple.com/ Apple Developer Connection] - Resources for Mac OS X developers
[[Category:CZ Live]]
[[Category:Computers Workgroup]]

Latest revision as of 11:00, 14 September 2024

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Mac OS X
OSXLeopardDP.jpg
Website www.apple.com/macosx
Developed by Apple Inc.
Software type Operating System
Initial release 10.0 - 24th March 2001
Latest release 10.6.2 - 9th November 2008
Source model Closed source
(with open source components)
Licence proprietary
OS Family BSD/Darwin/NEXTSTEP
Kernel Type Hybrid kernel (XNU)
Default UI Aqua
Platforms x86, x86-64, PowerPC, ARM

Mac OS X is a proprietary, Unix operating system developed, marketed, and sold by Apple Inc., which currently ships on all Macintosh computers. It succeeds the original Mac OS with its Aqua graphical user interface and Cocoa API, based on technologies of the defunct OPENSTEP operating system from NeXT, absorbed with Apple's purchase in late 1996.[1] The operating system was first released in 1999 in the form Mac OS X Server 1.0, with a desktop-oriented version following in March 2001. Mac OS X has ever since become the most used and probably most popular Unix in the world. Its open source core, named Darwin, is based on FreeBSD and the XNU microkernel (which is a Mach-based microkernel design). Notably OS X offers both an intuitive graphical interface but also integrates much open source software, and "Unix is under the hood," via the Terminal command-line application.[2] Mac OS X 10.5 "Leopard" is an Open Brand UNIX 03 Registered Product, conforming to the SUS v3 and POSIX 1003.1 specifications for the C API, Shell Utilities, and Threads.[3] In layman's terms this can be simply stated as "Mac OS X is a certified Unix."

History

The Mac OS X project was born out of a failed attempt to fully modernize the aging Mac OS 9 operating system. Mac OS up to that point was still using such outdated operating system technologies as cooperative multitasking and a networking stack that was plagued with performance issues. Mac OS 9 compared to the Microsoft Windows 98 operating system in this respect. Apple wanted something that could compete with Windows NT in stability, reliability and performance.

The collapse of the Copland project directly led to Apple opting to "start from scratch" for the tenth version of its operating system. As they needed a new operating system as soon as possible, Apple surveyed an array of operating systems to buy out and make their own, and they even considered licensing Microsoft's Windows NT. [4] Another candidate was Be Inc's BeOS; however NeXT's NeXTstep was ultimately chosen to be the starting point for the next Mac OS version, code-named Rhapsody. Shortly after this decision was made, NeXT Inc. was bought out and folded into Apple.

Rhapsody Developer Release 2

The Rhapsody project would join the XNU Mach-based microkernel, a BSD-based operating system layer, and two developer frameworks (or APIs). The existing "Classic" Mac OS would run in a virtual machine on top of OS X called the "Blue Box."[4] The OpenStep derived Yellow Box API was modified during OS X development, and evolved into the Cocoa API. Cocoa would come to be the de facto API on Mac OS X. If developers didn't want to make the jump to Cocoa, they could choose to write native OS X programs using the "classic API" Carbon. The "Blue Box" existed solely for backwards compatibility with non-native OS X programs that would not be ported over to either Carbon or Cocoa, and existed only on the PowerPC platform. These programs would not gain the stability improvements of OS X, and one program misbehaving could crash the Mac OS 9-based "Blue Box" (but notably not OS X itself).

Over time Rhapsody evolved into Mac OS X Server 1.0[5], the direct predecessor to Mac OS X. It carried the "Server" name because it did not ship with the Aqua user interface, one of the most notable new features of OS X. This new interface was first present in the third developer preview of Mac OS X.

While backwards-compatibility was a major point in the first release of the operating system, each new version of Mac OS X has evolved away from it, with the transition to Intel processors making Apple finally discard the "Classic" runtime environment, included in versions for the PowerPC. OS X running on Intel processors does not include the Classic "Blue Box" environment.

Mac OS X has seen 7 releases as of early 2007. Mac OS X v10.0 was the first release, and Mac OS X v10.6.2 is the most recent.

Description

Mac OS X is a radical departure from previous Macintosh operating systems, its underlying code base being completely different from previous versions. Unlike its predecessors, Mac OS X is a Unix-like operating system and includes standard Unix utilities, available from the command line interface. Darwin, the core of the operating system, is built on top of the hybrid kernel XNU, which is a combination of the Mach 3 microkernel, various elements of FreeBSD 5 like the process model, network stack, and virtual file system and an object-oriented device driver API called I/O Kit. Apple layered over Darwin a number of proprietary components, most notably the Quartz graphics layer and the Aqua interface, to complete the GUI-based operating system which is Mac OS X. It includes Apple's free software development tools, most notably Apple's integrated development environment named XCode, which supports programming languages such as C, C++, Objective-C, and Java.

Mac OS X includes a number of features intended to make the operating system more stable and reliable than Apple's previous operating systems. Pre-emptive multitasking and memory protection, for example, improved the ability of the operating system to run multiple applications simultaneously without them interrupting or corrupting each other. Many aspects of Mac OS X's architecture are derived from OPENSTEP, which was designed with portability in mind, thus easing the transition from one platform to another. NEXTSTEP was ported from the original 68k-based NeXT workstations to other architectures before NeXT was purchased by Apple, and OPENSTEP was subsequently ported to the PowerPC architecture as part of the Rhapsody project. Thus, Mac OS X is able to run on multiple platforms. While the first 4 releases only were only sold for the PowerPC processors, Mac OS X has had builds running on the x86 and x86-64 processors since its conception. The x86 version of the operating system has become mainstream since Apple's transition to Intel, which started with version 10.4. The iPhone version of OS X is also supposed to able to run on at least one form of ARM processor.

Versions

Retail box Version Code name* Release date New features
OSXBox100101.jpg 10.0 Cheetah March 24, 2001
  • Aqua user interface
  • Carbon & Cocoa APIs
  • Quartz graphics engine
  • Darwin UNIX-based core[6]
OSXBox100101.jpg 10.1 Puma September 25, 2001
  • Improved system performance
  • Enhanced Aqua interface
  • Data CD burning within the Finder
  • DVD video playback[7]
OSXBox102.jpg 10.2 Jaguar August 24, 2002
  • Enhanced Mail
  • iChat
  • New Address Book
  • Inkwell
  • MPEG-4 support
  • Universal Access
  • Enhanced Finder
  • Sherlock 3
  • Rendezvous
  • Quartz Extreme[8]
OSXBox103.jpg 10.3 Panther October 24, 2003
  • User oriented
    • Exposé
    • iChat AV
    • Safari
    • Fast User Switching
    • FileVault
    • Font Book
    • Enhanced Mail
    • New Address Book
  • Developer oriented
OSXBox104.jpg 10.4 Tiger April 29, 2005
  • User oriented
    • Spotlight
    • Dashboard
    • Automator
    • VoiceOver
    • Quicktime 7
    • Mail 2
    • iCal 2
    • Font Book 2
  • Developer oriented
    • Core Audio
    • Core Video
    • XCode 2[10]
No image yet 10.5 Leopard October 26, 2007
  • User oriented
    • Time Machine
    • Spaces
    • Boot Camp
    • Improved Front Row
    • Improved Photo Booth
    • iCal 3
    • Improved Spotlight
  • Developer oriented
    • Full native 64-bit support
    • Core Animation
    • Dashcode
    • Objective C 2.0
    • XCode 3[11]
No image yet 10.6 Snow Leopard August 28, 2009
  • User oriented
    • Cocoa Finder
    • Quicktime X
  • Developer oriented
    • 64-bit
    • Grand Central Dispatch
    • OpenCL*[12]

* From version 10.2 onwards, code names were employed for branding.

References

  1. ↑ Singh, Amit (2004-01-07). A Brief History of Mac OS X. What is Mac OS X?.
  2. ↑ Singh, Amit (2004-01-07). Architecture of Mac OS X. What is Mac OS X?.
  3. ↑ http://www.apple.com/macosx/technology/unix.html
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "RoughlyDrafted" (Retrieved 2007-04-17). "Cocoa and the Death of Yellow Box and Rhapsody".
  5. ↑ Anguish, Scott (1998-07-09). Apple Renames Rhapsody, now Mac OS X Server.
  6. ↑ Mac OS X “Gold Master” Released To Manufacturing (2001-03-07).
  7. ↑ Apple Previews Next Version of Mac OS X (2001-07-18).
  8. ↑ Apple Introduces “Jaguar,” the Next Major Release of Mac OS X (2002-07-17).
  9. ↑ Apple Announces Mac OS X “Panther” (2003-10-24).
  10. ↑ Apple to Ship Mac OS X “Tiger” on April 29 (2005-04-12).
  11. ↑ Apple Previews Mac OS X Leopard (2006-08-07).
  12. ↑ Apple Unveils Mac OS X Snow Leopard (2009-06-08).
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