Vo Nguyen Giap: Difference between revisions
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'''Vo Nguyen Giap''' ( | '''Vo Nguyen Giap''' (25 August 1911 – 4 October 2013) was the principal military commander for the Communist forces in [[Vietnam]], both against the French as leader of the [[Viet-Minh]] troops, and the first Senior General of the [[People's Army of Viet Nam]], and Minister of Defense until 1980. | ||
He wrote extensively, perhaps best known for ''People's war, People's Army''<ref name=PWPA>{{citation | He wrote extensively, perhaps best known for ''People's war, People's Army''<ref name=PWPA>{{citation | ||
| title = People's war, People's Army | | title = People's war, People's Army | ||
| author = Vo Nguyen Giap | | author = Vo Nguyen Giap | ||
| publisher = Praeger | | publisher = Praeger | ||
| Line 24: | Line 25: | ||
| year = 2008}}</ref> | | year = 2008}}</ref> | ||
His approach draws from [[Communism|Marxist-Leninist]] and [[Mao | His approach draws from [[Communism|Marxist-Leninist]] and [[Mao Zedong|Maoist]] principles of inherently [[grand strategy|grand strategic]] political warfare; "Not only did we fight in the military field but in the political, economic and cultural fields." <ref name=PWPA>{{citation | ||
| author = Vo Nguyen Giap | | author = Vo Nguyen Giap | ||
| title = People's War People's Army: the Viet Cong Insurrection Manual for Underdeveloped Countries | | title = People's War People's Army: the Viet Cong Insurrection Manual for Underdeveloped Countries | ||
| Line 40: | Line 41: | ||
No one seriously describes Giap as only a kindly teacher. His actions, along with those of others, resulted in the deaths of at least hundreds of thousands, if not millions, of human beings. Nevertheless, when he met with Moore and Galloway on September 2, 1990, his conversation did focus on Vietnamese-U.S. history and relations, and was cordial. As the meeting ended, Moore impulsively gave Giap his watch as a memento from one old soldier to another. <blockquote>Giap held the watch in both hands, looking at it in amazement, as tears gathered in his eyes and mine. Then he turned and clutched me to himself in a full embrace. It was my turned to be stunned as this former enemy — arguably one of the greatest military commanders of the twentieth century — held me like a son in his arms for a long moment.<ref>Moore and Galloway 2008, pp. 10-11</ref></blockquote> | No one seriously describes Giap as only a kindly teacher. His actions, along with those of others, resulted in the deaths of at least hundreds of thousands, if not millions, of human beings. Nevertheless, when he met with Moore and Galloway on September 2, 1990, his conversation did focus on Vietnamese-U.S. history and relations, and was cordial. As the meeting ended, Moore impulsively gave Giap his watch as a memento from one old soldier to another. <blockquote>Giap held the watch in both hands, looking at it in amazement, as tears gathered in his eyes and mine. Then he turned and clutched me to himself in a full embrace. It was my turned to be stunned as this former enemy — arguably one of the greatest military commanders of the twentieth century — held me like a son in his arms for a long moment.<ref>Moore and Galloway 2008, pp. 10-11</ref></blockquote> | ||
{{main|Vietnam War}} | |||
==Early life== | ==Early life== | ||
| Line 54: | Line 56: | ||
| first = Jay | last = Mallin | publisher = Samhar Press | year = 1973}}, pp. 5-6</ref>. | | first = Jay | last = Mallin | publisher = Samhar Press | year = 1973}}, pp. 5-6</ref>. | ||
==Second World War and immediate aftermath== | ==Second World War and immediate aftermath== | ||
Until March 1945, Vichy French officials and military, in Vietnam, cooperated with Japan. The U.S. first became aware of the [[Viet Minh]] in 1942, through activities of Ho; Giap was not, at first, known.<ref>Patti, p. 47</ref> The Viet Minh had been founded in May 1941. <ref name=CS-VN-EMH>{{citation | Until March 1945, Vichy French officials and military, in Vietnam, cooperated with Japan. The U.S. first became aware of the [[Viet-Minh]] in 1942, through activities of Ho; Giap was not, at first, known.<ref>Patti, p. 47</ref> The Viet Minh had been founded in May 1941. <ref name=CS-VN-EMH>{{citation | ||
| editor = Cima, Ronald J. | | editor = Cima, Ronald J. | ||
| contribution = Establishment of the Viet Minh | | contribution = Establishment of the Viet Minh | ||
| title = Vietnam: A Country Study | | title = Vietnam: A Country Study | ||
| publisher = Library of Congress | year = 1987 | | publisher = Library of Congress | year = 1987 | ||
|url = http://countrystudies.us/vietnam/21.htm}}</ref> Review of previously classified U.S. | |url = http://countrystudies.us/vietnam/21.htm}}</ref> Review of previously classified U.S. communications intelligence suggests the Viet Minh were stronger than generally believed; after being driven out of Indochina, they trained and armed in China, which became known to Japanese and French intelligence.<ref name=Hanyok-VM>{{citation | ||
| first = Robert | last = Hanyok | | first = Robert | last = Hanyok | ||
| title = Guerrillas in the Mist: COMINT and the Formation and Evolution of the Viet Minh, 1941-45 | | title = Guerrillas in the Mist: COMINT and the Formation and Evolution of the Viet Minh, 1941-45 | ||
| Line 66: | Line 68: | ||
| issue = 1 | | issue = 1 | ||
| date = Spring 1996 | | date = Spring 1996 | ||
| url = http://www.nsa.gov/public/guerillas_in_mist.pdf}}, pp. 101-102</ref> French VADM and Governor-General Jean Decoux<ref>Patti, p. 480</ref> reported attacks, explicitly identified as Viet Minh, in December 1943 and February 1944. There was also a rebellion against French | | url = http://www.nsa.gov/public/guerillas_in_mist.pdf}}, pp. 101-102</ref> French VADM and Governor-General Jean Decoux<ref>Patti, p. 480</ref> reported attacks, explicitly identified as Viet Minh, in December 1943 and February 1944. There was also a rebellion against French economic policies, in November 1944. <ref>Hanyok 1996, p. 103-104</ref> | ||
In the Vichy-Japanese context, Ho, in 1944, ordered Giap to set up an Armed Propaganda Brigade. That unit, initially of 34 men, was created on December 22, which is considered the birthday of the [[People's Army of Viet Nam]]. On the 24th, it attacked French posts at Khai Phat and Na Ngan, mostly for supplies. <ref>Mallin, pp. 7-8</ref> Viet Minh troops did obtain U.S. assistance in forming and arming, but only first fought the Japanese, rather than the French, in 1945. | In the Vichy-Japanese context, Ho, in 1944, ordered Giap to set up an Armed Propaganda Brigade. That unit, initially of 34 men, was created on December 22, which is considered the birthday of the [[People's Army of Viet Nam]]. On the 24th, it attacked French posts at Khai Phat and Na Ngan, mostly for supplies. <ref>Mallin, pp. 7-8</ref> Viet Minh troops did obtain U.S. assistance in forming and arming, but only first fought the Japanese, rather than the French, in 1945. | ||
Giap became known outside the local circles as the key military deputy to Ho. As a result of June 1945 negotiations, in Chungking, China, between the French and American | Giap became known outside the local circles as the key military deputy to Ho. As a result of June 1945 negotiations, in Chungking, China, between the French and American Office of Strategic Services, OSS MAJ Allison Thomas, formed the DEER mission to investigate Vietnamese resources against the Japanese. <ref>Patti, p. 107</ref>. Thomas' DEER team stayed, for several weeks, with Ho and Giap. The mission deliberately had no French participation, which OSS detachment Patti considered would be unwelcome. <ref>Patti, pp. 127-129</ref> | ||
Following the Japanese surrender, Viet Minh forces entered Hanoi on August 15-19. <ref>Roger Hilsman, introduction p. xxxv to Giap</ref>. Giap, with the DEER team, was still fighting the Japanese, 40 km away. <ref>Patti, p. 167</ref> Patti's team was met by Ho and Giap after the OSS arrived in Hanoi in late August. Giap, representing Ho, and Patti, soon met with the French intelligence officer, MAJ [[Jean Sainteny|Jean R. Sainteny]]. It must be remembered that the French had not reestablished authority over still-armed Japanese. | Following the Japanese surrender, Viet Minh forces entered Hanoi on August 15-19. <ref>Roger Hilsman, introduction p. xxxv to Giap</ref>. Giap, with the DEER team, was still fighting the Japanese, 40 km away. <ref>Patti, p. 167</ref> Patti's team was met by Ho and Giap after the OSS arrived in Hanoi in late August. Giap, representing Ho, and Patti, soon met with the French intelligence officer, MAJ [[Jean Sainteny|Jean R. Sainteny]]. It must be remembered that the French had not reestablished authority over still-armed Japanese. | ||
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==References== | ==References== | ||
{{reflist|2}} | {{reflist|2}} | ||
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Latest revision as of 07:00, 6 November 2024
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 Vo Nguyen Giap (25 August 1911 – 4 October 2013) was the principal military commander for the Communist forces in Vietnam, both against the French as leader of the Viet-Minh troops, and the first Senior General of the People's Army of Viet Nam, and Minister of Defense until 1980. He wrote extensively, perhaps best known for People's war, People's Army[1]. Giap could be frank within government circles,[2] write in dense Communist revolutionary jargon,[2] or speak eloquently, as in discussions with some of his former opponents. [3] His approach draws from Marxist-Leninist and Maoist principles of inherently grand strategic political warfare; "Not only did we fight in the military field but in the political, economic and cultural fields." [1] Its execution ties strongly to Mao's doctrine of protracted war, which includes high attrition as a basic premise.[4]Still, he was more in the tradition of armed dau tranh than his chief rival of the time Truong Chinh. Subsequently, however, as Le Duan took power from the ailing Ho Chi Minh in 1964, both of those pro-Soviet leaders lost power by 1968, apparently through disappointment in the results of the General Offensive-General Uprising. No one seriously describes Giap as only a kindly teacher. His actions, along with those of others, resulted in the deaths of at least hundreds of thousands, if not millions, of human beings. Nevertheless, when he met with Moore and Galloway on September 2, 1990, his conversation did focus on Vietnamese-U.S. history and relations, and was cordial. As the meeting ended, Moore impulsively gave Giap his watch as a memento from one old soldier to another.
Early lifeBorn to a peasant family that was educated and nationalist, in what is now Quang Binh Province he entered at the Quoc Hoc French school in Hue in 1922. At the age of 14, he joined the Tan Viet (Revolutionary Party for a great Viet Nam), was expelled for political activism in 1927, and participated in the unsuccessful Yen Bai revolt by the VNQDD in 1930. [7] Returning to school, he eventually received a law degree in 1937 and a doctorate in political economics in 1938; he had taught history while his study and his early career has often been described as "teacher". He joined the Indochinese Communist Party, founded in 1930 by Ho Chi Minh, possibly somewhat after its creation, but was active in it by 1936. Giap, in 1940, went to join Ho in China. He never saw his wife and sister again, who died in French custody. [5]. Second World War and immediate aftermathUntil March 1945, Vichy French officials and military, in Vietnam, cooperated with Japan. The U.S. first became aware of the Viet-Minh in 1942, through activities of Ho; Giap was not, at first, known.[8] The Viet Minh had been founded in May 1941. [9] Review of previously classified U.S. communications intelligence suggests the Viet Minh were stronger than generally believed; after being driven out of Indochina, they trained and armed in China, which became known to Japanese and French intelligence.[10] French VADM and Governor-General Jean Decoux[11] reported attacks, explicitly identified as Viet Minh, in December 1943 and February 1944. There was also a rebellion against French economic policies, in November 1944. [12] In the Vichy-Japanese context, Ho, in 1944, ordered Giap to set up an Armed Propaganda Brigade. That unit, initially of 34 men, was created on December 22, which is considered the birthday of the People's Army of Viet Nam. On the 24th, it attacked French posts at Khai Phat and Na Ngan, mostly for supplies. [13] Viet Minh troops did obtain U.S. assistance in forming and arming, but only first fought the Japanese, rather than the French, in 1945. Giap became known outside the local circles as the key military deputy to Ho. As a result of June 1945 negotiations, in Chungking, China, between the French and American Office of Strategic Services, OSS MAJ Allison Thomas, formed the DEER mission to investigate Vietnamese resources against the Japanese. [14]. Thomas' DEER team stayed, for several weeks, with Ho and Giap. The mission deliberately had no French participation, which OSS detachment Patti considered would be unwelcome. [15] Following the Japanese surrender, Viet Minh forces entered Hanoi on August 15-19. [16]. Giap, with the DEER team, was still fighting the Japanese, 40 km away. [17] Patti's team was met by Ho and Giap after the OSS arrived in Hanoi in late August. Giap, representing Ho, and Patti, soon met with the French intelligence officer, MAJ Jean R. Sainteny. It must be remembered that the French had not reestablished authority over still-armed Japanese. Patti emphasizes that Cochinchina in the south, with Saigon at its heart, was very separate from Tonkin and Hanoi. Even the southern and northern Communists differed as to how broad a front they would accept. [18] Bao Dai was scheduled to abdicate on August 30. While Ho declared the Democratic Republic of Vietnam on September 2, this must be taken in the context It is in the context that actions in Hanoi did not necessarily affect areas outside Tonkin. After Ho's dramatic introductory speech, he turned the podium over to Giap, in the role of Minister of the Interior. Giap spoke of the Party role in social, economic, educational and cultural, and politicomilitary areas. In the latter, he singled out China and the United States as allies, but did not mention the Soviet Union.[19] Revolutionary warfare against FranceAfter a year of training the Viet Minh, he launched the first major offensive on October 1, 1950.[20] Combat continued until the decisive defeat of French forces, in 1954, at Dien Bien Phu. Vietnam WarWhile Giap retained the title of Defense Minister, Nguyen Chi Thanh, until his death in 1967, commanded operations in the South. [21], who was succeeded by Tran Van Tra. Giap's protege, Van Tien Dung, who had been Giap's chief of staff at Dien Bien Phu, commanded the 1975 invasion of South Vietnam. References
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