Vipera albizona: Difference between revisions
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{{Taxobox | {{Taxobox | ||
| color = pink | | color = pink | ||
| name = ''Vipera albizona'' | | name = ''Vipera albizona'' | ||
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia | | regnum = [[Animal]]ia | ||
| phylum = | | phylum = Chordata | ||
| subphylum = | | subphylum = Vertebrata | ||
| classis = | | classis = Reptilia | ||
| ordo = | | ordo = Squamata | ||
| subordo = [[Snake|Serpentes]] | | subordo = [[Snake (animal)|Serpentes]] | ||
| familia = | | familia = Viperidae | ||
| subfamilia = [[Viperinae]] | | subfamilia = [[Viperinae]] | ||
| genus = ''[[Vipera]]'' | | genus = ''[[Vipera]]'' | ||
| species = '''''V. albizona''''' | | species = '''''V. albizona''''' | ||
| binomial = ''Vipera albizona'' | | binomial = ''Vipera albizona'' | ||
| binomial_authority = | | binomial_authority = Nilson, Andrén & Flärdh, 1990 | ||
| synonyms = * ''Vipera albizona'' - Nilson, Andrén & Flärdh, 1990<ref name="McD99">McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T. 1999. Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, vol. 1. Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume).</ref> | | synonyms = * ''Vipera albizona'' - Nilson, Andrén & Flärdh, 1990<ref name="McD99">McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T. 1999. Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, vol. 1. Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume).</ref> | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''Common names:''' central Turkish mountain viper.<ref name="Mal03">Mallow D, Ludwig D, Nilson G. 2003. True Vipers: Natural History and Toxinology of Old World Vipers. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, Florida. 359 pp. ISBN 0-89464-877-2.</ref> | '''Common names:''' central Turkish mountain viper.<ref name="Mal03">Mallow D, Ludwig D, Nilson G. 2003. True Vipers: Natural History and Toxinology of Old World Vipers. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, Florida. 359 pp. ISBN 0-89464-877-2.</ref> | ||
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'''''Vipera albizona''''' is a | '''''Vipera albizona''''' is a venomous [[Viperinae|viper]] species endemic to the mountainous regions of central [[Turkey]].<ref name="Mal03"/> No subspecies are currently recognized.<ref name="ITIS">[http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=634984 ''Vipera albizona'' (TSN 634984)] at [http://www.itis.gov/index.html Integrated Taxonomic Information System]. Accessed 12 May 2007.</ref> | ||
==Description== | ==Description== | ||
The maximum is a little less than 78 cm (for a male), although most specimens are smaller.<ref name="Mal03"/> | The maximum is a little less than 78 cm (for a male), although most specimens are smaller.<ref name="Mal03"/> | ||
The head is relatively large and distinct from the neck. The snout is rounded and covered with small, keeled scales. The nostril is located within a single [[nasal scale]]. There are 2-3 apical scales in contact with the [[Rostral scale|rostral]]. There is normally 1 canthal scale on either side of the head. The large [[supraoculars]] are in broad contact with the eye. There are 9-13 [[circumorbitals]]. Two scale rows separate the eye from the [[supralabials]], of which there are 7-10. There are usually 10-13 [[sublabials]]. The [[temporal scales]] are keeled.<ref name="Mal03"/> | The head is relatively large and distinct from the neck. The snout is rounded and covered with small, keeled scales. The nostril is located within a single [[nasal scale]]. There are 2-3 apical scales in contact with the [[Rostral scale|rostral]]. There is normally 1 canthal scale on either side of the head. The large [[supraoculars]] are in broad contact with the eye. There are 9-13 [[circumorbitals]]. Two scale rows separate the eye from the [[supralabials]], of which there are 7-10. There are usually 10-13 [[sublabials]]. The [[temporal scales]] are keeled.<ref name="Mal03"/> | ||
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==Geographic range== | ==Geographic range== | ||
Central [[Turkey]]. The | Central [[Turkey]]. The type locality given is "from the regions of the Kulmac Daglari mountain range, central Turkey, close to the Anatolian 'Diagonal'".<ref name="McD99"/> | ||
==Conservation status== | ==Conservation status== | ||
This species is classified as Endangered (EN) according to the | This species is classified as Endangered (EN) according to the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species with the following criteria: B1+2e, C2a (v2.3, 1994).<ref name="ICUN-VA">[http://www.redlist.org/search/details.php?species=22985&tab=summ ''Vipera albizona''] at [http://www.iucnredlist.org/ IUCN Red List]. Accessed 6 October 2006.</ref> This indicates that the extent of its occurrence is estimated to be less than 5,000 km² or the area of its occupancy is estimated to be less than 500 km². Estimates also indicate that the populations are severely fragmented or known to exist at no more than five locations, and that a continuing decline is inferred, observed or projected, in the number of mature individuals. In addition, the total population is estimated to number less than 2,500 mature individuals with no subpopulation containing more than 250 such specimens. Year assessed: 1996.<ref name="IUCN-23">[http://www.iucnredlist.org/info/categories_criteria1994 1994 Categories & Criteria (version 2.3)][http://www.iucnredlist.org/ IUCN Red List]. Accessed 6 October 2006.</ref> | ||
It is also listed as a strictly protected species (Appendix II) under the | It is also listed as a strictly protected species (Appendix II) under the Berne Convention.<ref name="COE">[http://conventions.coe.int/treaty/FR/Treaties/Html/104-2.htm Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats, Appendix II] at [http://conventions.coe.int/ Council of Europe]. Accessed 9 October 2006.</ref> | ||
==Habitat== | ==Habitat== | ||
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==Taxonomy== | ==Taxonomy== | ||
After Nilson et al. (1990) first described ''V. albizona'' as a separate species that is | After Nilson et al. (1990) first described ''V. albizona'' as a separate species that is parapatric with ''[[Vipera xanthina|V. xanthina]]'',<ref name="Mal03"/> a group of opponents lead by Schätti soon argued that ''V. albizona'', ''[[Vipera wagneri|V. wagneri]]'' and ''[[Vipera bulgardaghica|V. bulgardaghica]]'' were more likely conspecific, belonging to the polymorphic species, ''V. xanthina''. According to Bettex (1993), it was also difficult to tell ''V. albizona'' from ''V. wagneri'' based on color pattern alone. However, a study published by Mulder (1994) came out in support of Nilson et al. (1990) and asserted that the color pattern of ''V. albizona'' is actually quite distinct from that of ''V. wagneri''.<ref name="Mul94">Mulder J. 1994. Additional information on ''Vipera albizona''. Deinsea 1:77-83. ISSN 0923-9308. [http://www.nmr.nl/Dei1Mul.pdf PDF] at [http://www.nmr.nl/ Natuurhistorisch Museum Rotterdam]. Accessed 2 October 2006.</ref> | ||
== | ==References== | ||
<div class="references-small"> | <div class="references-small"> | ||
<references/> | <references/> | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
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Common names: central Turkish mountain viper.[2]
Vipera albizona is a venomous viper species endemic to the mountainous regions of central Turkey.[2] No subspecies are currently recognized.[3]
Description
The maximum is a little less than 78 cm (for a male), although most specimens are smaller.[2]
The head is relatively large and distinct from the neck. The snout is rounded and covered with small, keeled scales. The nostril is located within a single nasal scale. There are 2-3 apical scales in contact with the rostral. There is normally 1 canthal scale on either side of the head. The large supraoculars are in broad contact with the eye. There are 9-13 circumorbitals. Two scale rows separate the eye from the supralabials, of which there are 7-10. There are usually 10-13 sublabials. The temporal scales are keeled.[2]
Midbody there are 23 rows of keeled dorsal scales. There are 2-3 preventral scales, followed by 149-155 ventrals. The anal scale is single and followed by 23-30 paired subcaudals.[2]
The color pattern consists of a grayish ground color. Running along the midline from the back of the head to the tail is a series of about 30 transversed and pronounced white- and black-edged narrow bands separated by a brick-red brown zone 3-4 scales long and 9-12 scales wide. Lateral spots may be small and in a double series. There are usually two large black, oblique spots on top of the head, as well as a dark stripe running from the corner of the eye back to the angle of the mouth or beyond. The belly is grayish and finely speckled with darker spots.[2]
Geographic range
Central Turkey. The type locality given is "from the regions of the Kulmac Daglari mountain range, central Turkey, close to the Anatolian 'Diagonal'".[1]
Conservation status
This species is classified as Endangered (EN) according to the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species with the following criteria: B1+2e, C2a (v2.3, 1994).[4] This indicates that the extent of its occurrence is estimated to be less than 5,000 km² or the area of its occupancy is estimated to be less than 500 km². Estimates also indicate that the populations are severely fragmented or known to exist at no more than five locations, and that a continuing decline is inferred, observed or projected, in the number of mature individuals. In addition, the total population is estimated to number less than 2,500 mature individuals with no subpopulation containing more than 250 such specimens. Year assessed: 1996.[5]
It is also listed as a strictly protected species (Appendix II) under the Berne Convention.[6]
Habitat
Very rocky and dry mountain slopes and fields.[2]
Taxonomy
After Nilson et al. (1990) first described V. albizona as a separate species that is parapatric with V. xanthina,[2] a group of opponents lead by Schätti soon argued that V. albizona, V. wagneri and V. bulgardaghica were more likely conspecific, belonging to the polymorphic species, V. xanthina. According to Bettex (1993), it was also difficult to tell V. albizona from V. wagneri based on color pattern alone. However, a study published by Mulder (1994) came out in support of Nilson et al. (1990) and asserted that the color pattern of V. albizona is actually quite distinct from that of V. wagneri.[7]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T. 1999. Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, vol. 1. Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume).
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 Mallow D, Ludwig D, Nilson G. 2003. True Vipers: Natural History and Toxinology of Old World Vipers. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, Florida. 359 pp. ISBN 0-89464-877-2.
- ↑ Vipera albizona (TSN 634984) at Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Accessed 12 May 2007.
- ↑ Vipera albizona at IUCN Red List. Accessed 6 October 2006.
- ↑ 1994 Categories & Criteria (version 2.3)IUCN Red List. Accessed 6 October 2006.
- ↑ Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats, Appendix II at Council of Europe. Accessed 9 October 2006.
- ↑ Mulder J. 1994. Additional information on Vipera albizona. Deinsea 1:77-83. ISSN 0923-9308. PDF at Natuurhistorisch Museum Rotterdam. Accessed 2 October 2006.