Human anatomy: Difference between revisions

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'''Parent article''' - [[anatomy]]
{{subpages}}
==Definition==
'''Human Anatomy''' is the branch of [[anatomy]] devoted to the structure of the human body. It cannot be totally divorced from [[physiology]] because structure and function go hand in hand.


'''Human anatomy''' is the branch of [[anatomy]] devoted to the structure of the human body. It cannot be totally divorced from [[physiology]] because structure and function go hand in hand.


==Approaches to Anatomy==
==Approaches to anatomy==
The study of anatomy can be divided up either by function, e.g. the digestive system or by structure and location, e.g. the eye and the head. Many branches of anatomy, e.g. [[functional anatomy]], overlap with [[physiology]]. Branches of anatomy include [[comparative anatomy]], [[functional anatomy]], [[developmental anatomy]], [[pathological anatomy]], [[gross anatomy]], [[microanatomy]], [[histology]], and [[cytology]].
{{Image|Rembrandt Mauritshuis Anatomy lesson Dr Nicolaes Tulp 1632.jpg|right|350px|[[Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp]]}}
The study of anatomy proceeds along two different lines at the same time, [[regional anatomy]] and [[systemic anatomy]]. Regional anatomy looks at the body according to structure and location, e.g. the eye and the head. When students dissect cadavers, this is the approach that is taken. The systemic approach divides the body according to function, e.g. the digestive system. The regional approach is of great importance, especially for the surgeon. At the same time a systemic knowledge of anatomy allows one to understand how the different parts of the body interrelate.  


==The Major Systems of the Human Body==
Many branches of anatomy, e.g. [[functional anatomy]], overlap with [[physiology]]. Branches of anatomy include [[comparative anatomy]], [[functional anatomy]], [[developmental anatomy]], [[pathological anatomy]], [[gross anatomy]], [[microanatomy]], [[histology]], and [[cytology]].
#[[Skeletal System]]
#[[Lymphatic System]]
#[[Integumentary System]]
#[[Cardiovascular System]]
#[[Muscular System]]
#[[Endocrine System]]
#[[Nervous System]]
#[[Respiratory System]]
#[[Reproductive System]]
#[[Excretory System]]
#[[Digestive System]]
#[[Immune System]]


Traditionally there were only eleven systems but as knowledge has grown, the [[Immune System]], sometimes called the [[Lymphoid System]], has been added because of its great importance, even though it is closely allied to the [[Lymphatic System]]. The [[Excretory Sytem]] is also referred to as the [[Urinary System]].
==The major systems of the human body==
#[[Skeletal system]]
#[[Lymphatic system]]
#[[Integumentary system]]
#[[Cardiovascular system]]
#[[Muscular system]]
#[[Endocrine system]]
#[[Nervous system]]
#[[Respiratory system]]
#[[Reproductive system]]
#[[Excretory system]]
#[[Digestive system]]
#[[Immune system]]


==Memory Aids for the Systems of the Human Body==
Traditionally there were only eleven systems but as knowledge has grown, the [[immune system]], sometimes called the [[lymphoid system]], has been added because of its great importance, even though it is closely allied to the [[lymphatic system]]. The [[excretory system]] is also referred to as the [[urinary system]].
 
==Memory aids for the systems of the human body==
A [[mnemonic]] for the traditional eleven systems is:
A [[mnemonic]] for the traditional eleven systems is:
*SLIC MEN R RED
*SLIC MEN R RED
Line 42: Line 44:
**Digestive
**Digestive


==Anatomical Orientation==
==Anatomical orientation==
Anatomy may involve dissecting or cutting up the body (cadaver). Most anatomy courses incorporate theoretical and practical training.  A firm understanding of anatomical orientation is essential in learning, understanding, and communicating anatomical topics. Anatomical planes are imaginary planes through the body used to describe the orientation of a section. A person in the standard anatomical position is standing up straight with the arms hanging at the sides and with the palms of the hands facing in the same direction as the face.
Anatomy may involve dissecting or cutting up the body (cadaver). Most anatomy courses incorporate theoretical and practical training.  A firm understanding of anatomical orientation is essential in learning, understanding, and communicating anatomical topics. Anatomical planes are imaginary planes through the body used to describe the orientation of a section. A person in the standard anatomical position is standing up straight with the arms hanging at the sides and with the palms of the hands facing in the same direction as the face.


[[Image:DSC03012a.JPG|right|frame|Anatomical Position - wonderful opportunity for a photoshop wizard here to put in a nicer pic. Yes, this one is copyrighted but free for educational use]]
[[Image:DSC03012a.JPG|right|frame|Anatomical Position - This is copyrighted but free for educational use]]
   
   
*'''Planes and sections'''
*'''Planes and sections'''
Line 61: Line 63:
**medial
**medial
**lateral
**lateral
**proxmial
**proximal
**distal
**distal
**superficial
**superficial
Line 68: Line 70:
**contralateral
**contralateral


==The History of Anatomy==
==The history of anatomy==
{{stub}}


==Learning Anatomy==
==Learning anatomy==
Anatomy is thoroughly studied in medical school in through lectures, textbooks, atlases (illustrative and photographic), dissection of cadavers, models, demonstrations, videos, and now the Internet.
Anatomy is thoroughly studied in medical school in through lectures, textbooks, atlases (illustrative and photographic), dissection of cadavers, models, demonstrations, videos, and now the Internet.


==Cadaver shortage==
==Cadaver shortage==


==Reference Books==
==Reference books==
#Gray's Anatomy – Henry Gray et al.
#Gray's Anatomy – Henry Gray et al.
#The Anatomy Coloring Book – Wynn Kapit / Lawrence M. Elson
#The Anatomy Coloring Book – Wynn Kapit / Lawrence M. Elson
#McMinn's Colour Atlas of Human Anatomy – P.H. Abrahams R.T. Hutchings S.C. Marks Jr
#McMinn's Colour Atlas of Human Anatomy – P.H. Abrahams / R.T. Hutchings / S.C. Marks Jr
#Netter - Atlas of Human Anatomy
#Atlas of Human Anatomy - Frank Netter
#Color Atlas of Anatomy - Rohen / Yokochi / Lütjen-Drecoll
#Color Atlas of Anatomy - Rohen / Yokochi / Lütjen-Drecoll
#Imaging Atlas of Human Anatomy - Jamie Weir / Peter H Abrahams
#Imaging Atlas of Human Anatomy - Jamie Weir / Peter H Abrahams
Line 86: Line 87:
#Atlas of Clinical Gross Anatomy - Kenneth Moses / John Banks / Pedro Nava / Darrell Petersen
#Atlas of Clinical Gross Anatomy - Kenneth Moses / John Banks / Pedro Nava / Darrell Petersen


==Reference Video Atlases==
==Reference video atlases==
Acland's DVD Atlas of Human Anatomy, Set of Six DVDs
Acland's DVD Atlas of Human Anatomy, Set of Six DVDs


==Reference Links==
==Reference links==
#http://www.bartleby.com/107/ - Gray's Anatomy – Henry Gray et al. (20th ed. 1918)(has annoying pop behinds)
#http://www.bartleby.com/107/ - Gray's Anatomy – Henry Gray et al. (20th ed. 1918)(has annoying pop behinds)
#http://www.netanatomy.com
#http://www.netanatomy.com
#http://msjensen.education.umn.edu/Webanatomy/
#http://msjensen.education.umn.edu/Webanatomy/
#[http://www.e-anatomy.org e-Anatomy] - Interactive atlas of whole human body cross-sectional anatomy.
#[http://www.e-anatomy.org e-Anatomy] - Interactive atlas of whole human body cross-sectional anatomy.[[Category:Suggestion Bot Tag]]
 
[[Category:CZ Live]]
[[Category:Biology Workgroup]]
[[Category:Health Sciences Workgroup]]
[[Category:Anatomy Workgroup]]

Latest revision as of 16:01, 29 August 2024

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Human anatomy is the branch of anatomy devoted to the structure of the human body. It cannot be totally divorced from physiology because structure and function go hand in hand.

Approaches to anatomy

The study of anatomy proceeds along two different lines at the same time, regional anatomy and systemic anatomy. Regional anatomy looks at the body according to structure and location, e.g. the eye and the head. When students dissect cadavers, this is the approach that is taken. The systemic approach divides the body according to function, e.g. the digestive system. The regional approach is of great importance, especially for the surgeon. At the same time a systemic knowledge of anatomy allows one to understand how the different parts of the body interrelate.

Many branches of anatomy, e.g. functional anatomy, overlap with physiology. Branches of anatomy include comparative anatomy, functional anatomy, developmental anatomy, pathological anatomy, gross anatomy, microanatomy, histology, and cytology.

The major systems of the human body

  1. Skeletal system
  2. Lymphatic system
  3. Integumentary system
  4. Cardiovascular system
  5. Muscular system
  6. Endocrine system
  7. Nervous system
  8. Respiratory system
  9. Reproductive system
  10. Excretory system
  11. Digestive system
  12. Immune system

Traditionally there were only eleven systems but as knowledge has grown, the immune system, sometimes called the lymphoid system, has been added because of its great importance, even though it is closely allied to the lymphatic system. The excretory system is also referred to as the urinary system.

Memory aids for the systems of the human body

A mnemonic for the traditional eleven systems is:

  • SLIC MEN R RED

For all twelve, you might use:

  • RELICS REMIND
    • Reproductive
    • Excretory
    • Lymphatic
    • Immune
    • Cardiovascular
    • Skeletal
    • Respiratory
    • Endocrine
    • Muscular
    • Integumentary
    • Nervous
    • Digestive

Anatomical orientation

Anatomy may involve dissecting or cutting up the body (cadaver). Most anatomy courses incorporate theoretical and practical training. A firm understanding of anatomical orientation is essential in learning, understanding, and communicating anatomical topics. Anatomical planes are imaginary planes through the body used to describe the orientation of a section. A person in the standard anatomical position is standing up straight with the arms hanging at the sides and with the palms of the hands facing in the same direction as the face.

Anatomical Position - This is copyrighted but free for educational use
  • Planes and sections
    • median
    • sagittal
    • coronal/frontal
    • transverse/cross
    • oblique
  • Terms of position and direction
    • cranial/superior/rostral
    • caudal/inferior
    • anterior/ventral
    • posterior/dorsal
    • medial
    • lateral
    • proximal
    • distal
    • superficial
    • deep
    • ipsilateral
    • contralateral

The history of anatomy

Learning anatomy

Anatomy is thoroughly studied in medical school in through lectures, textbooks, atlases (illustrative and photographic), dissection of cadavers, models, demonstrations, videos, and now the Internet.

Cadaver shortage

Reference books

  1. Gray's Anatomy – Henry Gray et al.
  2. The Anatomy Coloring Book – Wynn Kapit / Lawrence M. Elson
  3. McMinn's Colour Atlas of Human Anatomy – P.H. Abrahams / R.T. Hutchings / S.C. Marks Jr
  4. Atlas of Human Anatomy - Frank Netter
  5. Color Atlas of Anatomy - Rohen / Yokochi / Lütjen-Drecoll
  6. Imaging Atlas of Human Anatomy - Jamie Weir / Peter H Abrahams
  7. Essential Clinical Anatomy - Moore / Agur
  8. Atlas of Clinical Gross Anatomy - Kenneth Moses / John Banks / Pedro Nava / Darrell Petersen

Reference video atlases

Acland's DVD Atlas of Human Anatomy, Set of Six DVDs

Reference links

  1. http://www.bartleby.com/107/ - Gray's Anatomy – Henry Gray et al. (20th ed. 1918)(has annoying pop behinds)
  2. http://www.netanatomy.com
  3. http://msjensen.education.umn.edu/Webanatomy/
  4. e-Anatomy - Interactive atlas of whole human body cross-sectional anatomy.