Fibonacci number

In mathematics, the Fibonacci numbers form a sequence in which the first number is 0, the second number is 1, and each subsequent number is equal to the sum of the previous two numbers in the series. In mathematical terms, it is defined by the following recurrence relation:

$F_{n}:={\begin{cases}0&{\mbox{if }}n=0;\\1&{\mbox{if }}n=1;\\F_{n-1}+F_{n-2}&{\mbox{if }}n>1.\\\end{cases}}$

The sequence of Fibonacci numbers starts with : 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, 233, ...

It was first used to represent the growth of a colony of rabbits, starting with a single pair of rabbits. It has applications in mathematics as well as other sciences, and is a popular illustration of recursive programming in computer science.

Divisibility properties

We will apply the following simple observation to Fibonacci numbers:

if three integers Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \ a,b,c,}   satisfy equality $\ c=a+b,$  then

$\ \gcd(a,b)\ =\ \gcd(a,c)=\gcd(b,c).$

• $\gcd \left(F_{n},F_{n+1}\right)\ =\ \gcd \left(F_{n},F_{n+2}\right)\ =\ 1$

Indeed,

$\gcd \left(F_{0},F_{1}\right)\ =\ \gcd \left(F_{0},F_{2}\right)\ =\ 1$

and the rest is an easy induction.

• $F_{n}\ =\ F_{k+1}\cdot F_{n-k}+F_{k}\cdot F_{n-k-1}$

for all integers $\ k,n,$  such that Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \ 0\le k < n.}

Indeed, the equality holds for $\ k=0,$  and the rest is a routine induction on Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \ k.}

Next, since $\gcd \left(F_{k},F_{k+1}\right)=1$,  the above equality implies:

$\gcd \left(F_{k},F_{n}\right)\ =\ \gcd \left(F_{k},F_{n-k}\right)$

which, via Euclid algorithm, leads to:

• $\gcd(F_{m},F_{n})\ =\ F_{\gcd(m,n)}$

Let's note the two instant corollaries of the above statement:

• If $\ m$  divides $\ n\$ then $\ F_{m}\$ divides $\ F_{n}\$

• If Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \ F_p\ }   is a prime number different from 3, then $\ p$  is prime. (The converse is false.)

Algebraic identities

• $F_{n-1}\cdot F_{n+1}-F_{n}\,^{2}\ =\ (-1)^{n}\$     for n=1,2,...
• Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \sum_{i=0}^n F_i\,^2\ =\ F_n \cdot F_{n+1}}

Direct formula and the golden ratio

We have

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle F_n\ =\ \frac{1}{\sqrt{5}}\cdot \left(\left(\frac{1+\sqrt{5}}{2}\right)^n - \left(\frac{1-\sqrt{5}}{2}\right)^n\right)}

for every $\ n=0,1,\dots$ .

Indeed, let  Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle A := \frac{1+\sqrt{5}}{2}}   and  $a:={\frac {1-{\sqrt {5}}}{2}}$ .  Let

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle f_n\ :=\ \frac{1}{\sqrt{5}}\cdot(A^n - a^n)}

Then:

• $f_{0}=0\$     and     $\ f_{1}=1$
• $A^{2}=A+1\$     hence     Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \ A^{n+2} = A^{n+1}+A^n}
• $a^{2}=a+1\$     hence     $a^{n+2}=a^{n+1}+a^{n}\$
• $f_{n+2}\ =\ f_{n+1}+f_{n}$

for every Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \ n=0,1,\dots} . Thus $\ f_{n}=F_{n}$  for every $\ n=0,1,\dots ,$ and the formula is proved.

Furthermore, we have:

• Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle A\cdot a = -1\ }
• $A>1\$
• $-1<a<0\$
• ${\frac {1}{2}}\ >\ \left|{\frac {1}{\sqrt {5}}}\cdot a^{n}\right|\quad \rightarrow \quad 0$

It follows that

$F_{n}\$  is the nearest integer to  ${\frac {1}{\sqrt {5}}}\cdot \left({\frac {1+{\sqrt {5}}}{2}}\right)^{n}$

for every $\ n=0,1,\dots$ . The above constant $\ A$  is known as the famous golden ratio $\ \Phi .$  Thus:

$\Phi \ =\ \lim _{n\to \infty }{\frac {F_{n+1}}{F_{n}}}\ =\ {\frac {1+{\sqrt {5}}}{2}}$

Fibonacci generating function

The Fibonacci generating function is defined as the sum of the following power series:

$g(x)\ :=\ \sum _{n=0}^{\infty }F_{n}\cdot x^{n}$

The series is convergent for  $\ |x|<{\frac {1}{\Phi }}.$  Obviously:

$g(x)\ =\ x+x\cdot g(x)+x^{2}\cdot g(x)\$

hence:

$g(x)\ =\ {\frac {x}{1-x-x^{2}}}$

Value $\ g(x)$  is a rational number whenever x is rational. For instance, for x = ½:

${\frac {F_{1}}{2}}+{\frac {F_{2}}{4}}+{\frac {F_{3}}{8}}+\cdots \ =\ 2$

and for x = −½ (after multiplying the equality by −1):

${\frac {F_{1}}{2}}-{\frac {F_{2}}{4}}+{\frac {F_{3}}{8}}-\cdots \ =\ {\frac {2}{5}}$

Further reading

• John H. Conway and Richard K. Guy, The Book of Numbers, ISBN 0-387-97993-X