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== Electric Car == | |||
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'''Electric cars''' are battery powered automobiles that run on electric motors instead of internal combustion engines. Battery electric vehicles, or BEVs, are powered by rechargeable batteries that can be plugged in to recharge when the car is not in use. Electric vehicles have been around for over 100 years, but are becoming more popular today due to advancements in technology, such as batteries that allow them to travel greater distances between charging. Many major car manufacturers are producing electric models in 2011 such as Mitsubishi, Nissan, and Tesla Motors, which produces solely electric vehicles such as the Tesla Roadster. | |||
== History == | |||
Written later | |||
== Battery == | |||
There are many different options in batteries to power electric cars. Using a battery with the right combination of battery weight and efficiency is very important. Using a battery that is too heavy will limit the range of the car, but using one that is too light will not give the car a great amount of power. Lead-acid, nickel-metal hydride, and sodium-nickel-chloride batteries are all used in electric cars <ref name=Notter>D, Notter, M, Gauch, R, Widmer, P, Wager, A, Stamp, R, Zah, HJ, Althaus. ” Contribution of Li-Ion Batteries to the Environmental Impact of Electric Vehicles.” Envrionmental Sciences & Technology. Vol 44/ Issue 17. September 1, 2010. Pages 6550-6556.</ref>. [[Lithium ion batteries]] have become the main choice to power electric cars today <ref name=Notter/>. | |||
{{Image|Example.jpg|right|250px|Picture of Lithium Ion Battery}} | |||
Lithium ion batteries are used and favored because lithium is the lightest metal and also has the greatest electrochemical potential, giving the battery greater power and energy density <ref name=Notter/>. Lithium ion batteries are also 90 percent efficient charging, meaning 90 percent of the electricity used in the charging process actually goes to charging the battery <ref name=Perujo>Insert footnote text here</ref>. | |||
== | Lithium ion batteries do have major downsides to their use. They lose their ability to hold charge and start degrading as soon as they leave the factory <ref name=Brain>M, Brain. How Lithium-ion Batteries Work. http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/lithium-ion-battery.htm</ref>. Lithium ion batteries are also sensitive to high temperatures; exposure to high temperatures causes them to degrade and lose their ability to hold charge<ref name=Brain/>. | ||
== Range == | |||
Batteries powering electric vehicles cause them to have a limited range. Cars can usually travel from 100 to 250 miles on a charge and must be charged on a daily basis. Most batteries take several hours to fully charge. This limits the aim of electric vehicles to people driving in cities or who don’t drive great distances over the course of their day. {{Image|Example.jpg|right|250px|Chart comparing range of various electric vehicles}} | |||
The Tesla Roadster has a range of 245 miles and a 3.5 hour charge time to charge the battery from empty to full <ref name=Tesla>http://www.teslamotors.com/</ref>. The Tesla Model S has three battery options, a 160, 230 or 300 mile range, with the price of the car becoming greater accordingly. The Model S also has a 45 minute quick charge, making recharging quicker than other electric models <ref name=Tesla/>. | |||
The Nissan Leaf has a range of 100 miles per charge and has a charging time of 8 hours to fully charge the battery <ref name=Green>http://www.mygreenwheels.com/</ref>. The Th!nk city can travel 160 kilometers on one charge and its lithium battery takes 8 hours to charge. Its Zebra battery, which is a sodium based battery, takes 7 hours to charge to 80 percent and another 4 hours to charge from 80 to 100 percent <ref name=Think>http://www.thinkev.com/The-THINK-City/Charging/Batteries</ref>. | |||
In comparison an average car with an [[internal combustion engine]] can travel around 300 to 400 miles on one tank of gas and it takes only minutes to refill an empty tank. The limited range of electric cars is why they are mainly marketed at drivers in cities or drivers who only travel a short distance on a daily basis. | |||
== Environmental Impact == | |||
Electric cars run on only battery power so they do not produce any tailpipe emissions. The lack of carbon dioxide emissions makes electric vehicles environmentally friendly. Some countries such as New Zealand are currently looking at the use of electric cars as a means to cut back on their carbon emissions <ref name=Duke>M, Duke, D, Andrews and T, Anderson. “The feasibility of long range battery electric cars in New Zealand”. Energy Policy. Vol 37/Issue 9. September 2010. Pages 3455-3462.</ref>. While driving electric cars does not produce any emissions, the increased production of electricity needed to power a fleet of electric cars would. To measure the level of indirect emissions that the use of electric vehicles would cause the well to wheel emissions are measured <ref name=Holdway>A, Holdway, A, Williams, O, Inderwildi, and D, King. “Indirect emissions from electric vehicles: emissions from electricity generation.” Energy and Environmental Science. Vol 3/Issue 12. December 2010 pages 1825-1832.</ref>. These emissions are significantly less than the current emissions from cars with internal combustion engines <ref name=Holdway/>. | |||
A case study for Milan found that if a quarter of the cars driven in the world are electric by 2030, there could be a 20 percent reduction in carbon dioxide emissions <ref name=Perujo/>. Another study found that if there was a shift to a completely electric fleet globally there were a shift to a completely electric fleet globally there could be a 90 percent reduction in carbon dioxide emissions <ref name=Holdway/>. | |||
== Impact on Electricity Consumption == | |||
The use of electric vehicles would create a greater need for electricity, which could be a problem if enough electric cars are in use. The fact that cars can plug into almost any outlet to charge makes them convenient, but could cause a problem if a great number of cars are charged at once <ref name=Perujo/>. A study for the province of Milan, Italy found that if the entire fleet of cars in Milan was electric there would be a negligible effect on the electric grid if charging was staggered throughout the day <ref name=Perujo/>. However the study found that this would not be the case and during the max request of power, when the majority of cars would be charged, problems would arise <ref name=Perujo/>. A possible solution for this problem would be the use of an intelligent grid that could prevent the network from overloading by choosing when to send power to cars charging <ref name=Perujo/>. | |||
== Safety == | |||
Written later | |||
== References == | |||
<references/> | |||
Latest revision as of 03:24, 22 November 2023
The account of this former contributor was not re-activated after the server upgrade of March 2022.
Electric Car
Electric cars are battery powered automobiles that run on electric motors instead of internal combustion engines. Battery electric vehicles, or BEVs, are powered by rechargeable batteries that can be plugged in to recharge when the car is not in use. Electric vehicles have been around for over 100 years, but are becoming more popular today due to advancements in technology, such as batteries that allow them to travel greater distances between charging. Many major car manufacturers are producing electric models in 2011 such as Mitsubishi, Nissan, and Tesla Motors, which produces solely electric vehicles such as the Tesla Roadster.
History
Written later
Battery
There are many different options in batteries to power electric cars. Using a battery with the right combination of battery weight and efficiency is very important. Using a battery that is too heavy will limit the range of the car, but using one that is too light will not give the car a great amount of power. Lead-acid, nickel-metal hydride, and sodium-nickel-chloride batteries are all used in electric cars [1]. Lithium ion batteries have become the main choice to power electric cars today [1].
Lithium ion batteries are used and favored because lithium is the lightest metal and also has the greatest electrochemical potential, giving the battery greater power and energy density [1]. Lithium ion batteries are also 90 percent efficient charging, meaning 90 percent of the electricity used in the charging process actually goes to charging the battery [2].
Lithium ion batteries do have major downsides to their use. They lose their ability to hold charge and start degrading as soon as they leave the factory [3]. Lithium ion batteries are also sensitive to high temperatures; exposure to high temperatures causes them to degrade and lose their ability to hold charge[3].
Range
Batteries powering electric vehicles cause them to have a limited range. Cars can usually travel from 100 to 250 miles on a charge and must be charged on a daily basis. Most batteries take several hours to fully charge. This limits the aim of electric vehicles to people driving in cities or who don’t drive great distances over the course of their day.
The Tesla Roadster has a range of 245 miles and a 3.5 hour charge time to charge the battery from empty to full [4]. The Tesla Model S has three battery options, a 160, 230 or 300 mile range, with the price of the car becoming greater accordingly. The Model S also has a 45 minute quick charge, making recharging quicker than other electric models [4].
The Nissan Leaf has a range of 100 miles per charge and has a charging time of 8 hours to fully charge the battery [5]. The Th!nk city can travel 160 kilometers on one charge and its lithium battery takes 8 hours to charge. Its Zebra battery, which is a sodium based battery, takes 7 hours to charge to 80 percent and another 4 hours to charge from 80 to 100 percent [6].
In comparison an average car with an internal combustion engine can travel around 300 to 400 miles on one tank of gas and it takes only minutes to refill an empty tank. The limited range of electric cars is why they are mainly marketed at drivers in cities or drivers who only travel a short distance on a daily basis.
Environmental Impact
Electric cars run on only battery power so they do not produce any tailpipe emissions. The lack of carbon dioxide emissions makes electric vehicles environmentally friendly. Some countries such as New Zealand are currently looking at the use of electric cars as a means to cut back on their carbon emissions [7]. While driving electric cars does not produce any emissions, the increased production of electricity needed to power a fleet of electric cars would. To measure the level of indirect emissions that the use of electric vehicles would cause the well to wheel emissions are measured [8]. These emissions are significantly less than the current emissions from cars with internal combustion engines [8].
A case study for Milan found that if a quarter of the cars driven in the world are electric by 2030, there could be a 20 percent reduction in carbon dioxide emissions [2]. Another study found that if there was a shift to a completely electric fleet globally there were a shift to a completely electric fleet globally there could be a 90 percent reduction in carbon dioxide emissions [8].
Impact on Electricity Consumption
The use of electric vehicles would create a greater need for electricity, which could be a problem if enough electric cars are in use. The fact that cars can plug into almost any outlet to charge makes them convenient, but could cause a problem if a great number of cars are charged at once [2]. A study for the province of Milan, Italy found that if the entire fleet of cars in Milan was electric there would be a negligible effect on the electric grid if charging was staggered throughout the day [2]. However the study found that this would not be the case and during the max request of power, when the majority of cars would be charged, problems would arise [2]. A possible solution for this problem would be the use of an intelligent grid that could prevent the network from overloading by choosing when to send power to cars charging [2].
Safety
Written later
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 D, Notter, M, Gauch, R, Widmer, P, Wager, A, Stamp, R, Zah, HJ, Althaus. ” Contribution of Li-Ion Batteries to the Environmental Impact of Electric Vehicles.” Envrionmental Sciences & Technology. Vol 44/ Issue 17. September 1, 2010. Pages 6550-6556.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Insert footnote text here
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 M, Brain. How Lithium-ion Batteries Work. http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/lithium-ion-battery.htm
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 http://www.teslamotors.com/
- ↑ http://www.mygreenwheels.com/
- ↑ http://www.thinkev.com/The-THINK-City/Charging/Batteries
- ↑ M, Duke, D, Andrews and T, Anderson. “The feasibility of long range battery electric cars in New Zealand”. Energy Policy. Vol 37/Issue 9. September 2010. Pages 3455-3462.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 A, Holdway, A, Williams, O, Inderwildi, and D, King. “Indirect emissions from electric vehicles: emissions from electricity generation.” Energy and Environmental Science. Vol 3/Issue 12. December 2010 pages 1825-1832.