User:John R. Brews/Coriolis force: Difference between revisions

From Citizendium
Jump to navigation Jump to search
imported>John R. Brews
No edit summary
No edit summary
 
(2 intermediate revisions by one other user not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{AccountNotLive}}
===Quarks===
===Quarks===
[[Quark]]s are a ''type'' of particle with spin 1/2 that are subject to strong, weak and electromagnetic forces. The known quarks are listed in the table below. The kinds of quark (''u, d, c, s, t, d'') are referred to as the ''flavor index'' of the quark, and besides a flavor index, each quark has a ''color index'', which may be any of three colors: red, green and blue (''r, g, b''). In a stretched analogy to light, a combination of three quarks with all three colors is referred to as "white" or "colorless" and exhibits no external evidence of a color index. Their antiparticles also are quarks, but carry ''anti''-colors: anti-red, anti-green, anti-blue. A combination of quark and anti-quark with a color and its anti-color is "white" or "colorless". 


Unlike a particle's electric charge, which can be any multiple of the elementary charge ''e'', a quark can carry only ''one'' unit of color. The elementary unit of color has not been measured, a result of failure to observe an isolated quark.
The quarks that may engage one another in reactions are determined by the [[Cabbibo-Kobayashi-Maskawa matrix]]:[http://books.google.com/books?id=f89yg8a1t-EC&pg=PA23&dq=Cabibbo+angle&hl=en&ei=XYZvToTqN7PZiAKM55juBg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDIQ6AEwATgK#v=onepage&q=Cabibbo%20angle&f=false Morii]
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 0 auto; text-align:center"
|+'''Quark flavor properties'''<ref name=Saxena/><ref name=Mansfield/>
! Name
! Symbol
! Family/Generation
!width="50"|''B''
!width="50"|''Y<sub>W</sub>''
!width="50"|''[[Electric charge|Q]]''([[elementary charge|''e'']])
!width="50"|''I<sub>S3</sub>''
!width="50"|''C''
!width="50"|''S''
!width="50"|''T''
!width="50"|''B&prime;''
!{{nowrap|Mass&thinsp;(MeV)}}
! Antiparticle
! Antiparticle symbol
 
|-
| Up
| ''u''
| 1
| +1/3
| +1/3
| +2/3
| +1/2
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 2.34 ± 0.19 <ref name=quark/>
| Antiup
| ''ū''
|-
| Down
| ''d''
| 1
| +1/3
| +1/3
| −1/3
| −1/2
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 4.78 ± 0.11 <ref name=quark/>
| Antidown
| <math>\overline d</math>
|-
| Strange
| ''s''
| 2
| +1/3
| −2/3
| −1/3
| 0
| 0
| −1
| 0
| 0
| 100.2 ± 2.4<ref name=quark/>
| Antistrange
| <math>\overline s</math>
|-
| Charm
| ''c''
| 2
| +1/3
| +4/3
| +2/3
| 0
| +1
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 1.294 ± 0.004 × 10<sup>3</sup> <ref name=quark/>
| Anticharm
| <math>\overline c</math>
|-
| Bottom
| ''b''
| 3
| +1/3
| -2/3
| −1/3
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| −1
| 4.19 (+0.18) (−0.06) × 10<sup>3</sup> <ref name=quark/>
| Antibottom
| <math>\overline b</math>
|-
| Top
| ''t''
| 3
| +1/3
| +4/3
| +2/3
| 0
| 0
| 0
| +1
| 0
| 172.9 ±0.6 ±0.9 × 10<sup>3</sup> <ref name=quark/>
| Antitop
| <math>\overline t</math>
|}
<small><center>''B'' = [[baryon number]],''Y<sub>W</sub>'' = [[weak hypercharge]], ''Q'' = [[electric charge]], ''I<sub>S3</sub>'' = [[strong isospin]], ''C'' = [[Charm (quantum number)|charm]], ''S'' = [[strangeness]], ''T'' = [[topness]], ''B''&prime; = [[bottomness]]. <br />* Notation such as ±''xxx'' denotes [[measurement uncertainty]]. In the case of the top quark, the first uncertainty is [[statistical error|statistical]] in nature, and the second is [[systematic error|systematic]].</center></small>
 
The quarks carry fractional electric charge. However, no quark has been observed in isolation, so a "free" fractional electric charge has not been seen.
 
The quark structure of some strongly interacting sub-atomic particles (some [[hadron]]s) is shown in the following tables.<ref name=Chow/>
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 0 auto; text-align:center"
|+'''Some baryons'''
! Name
! Symbol
! Quark structure
! Electric charge
! Spin
|-
|Proton
| <math>P</math>
| <math>uud</math>
| +1
| 1/2
|-
| Antiproton
| <math>\overline P</math>
| <math>\overline {u}\, \overline {u}\,\overline d</math>
| −1
| 1/2
|-
| Neutron
| <math>N</math>
| <math>udd</math>
| 0
| 1/2
|-
| Lambda
| <math>\Lambda</math>
| <math>uds</math>
| 0
| 1/2
|-
| Omega
| <math>\Omega^-</math>
| <math>sss</math>
| −1
| 3/2
|-
|}
&emsp;
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 0 auto; text-align:center"
|+'''Some mesons'''
! Name
! Symbol
! Quark structure
! Electric charge
! Spin
|-
| Pion
| <math>\pi^+</math>
| <math>u\overline d</math>
| +1
| 0
|-
| Kaon
| <math>K^-</math>
| <math>s \overline {u}</math>
| −1
| 0
|-
| Rho
| <math>\rho^+</math>
| <math>u\overline d</math>
| +1
| 1
|-
| D-plus
| <math>D^+</math>
| <math>c \overline d</math>
| +1
| 0
|-
|-
| Eta-c
| <math>\eta_c</math>
| <math>c \overline c</math>
| 0
| 0
|-
|}
All baryons must have all three colors present, ''r, g, ''and'' b'', and so are colorless, and exhibit no external evidence of the strong color interaction. Likewise, regardless of the flavor combinations in a meson, the colors of the quark-antiquark cancel, so the meson also is colorless to the outside world.<ref name=McParland/> The role of the color force is thus simply to hold the quark combinations together, which is accomplished by exchange of gluons among the constituent quarks.
 
The quarks can be arranged to exhibit right- and left-handedness, subscripts ''L'' and ''R'', to resemble the leptons. The right-handed quarks do not couple to the weak interaction, and are labeled with subscript ''R''. The left-handed quarks corresponding to these right-handed quarks are mixtures of quarks, determined by the [[Cabbibo-Kobayashi-Maskawa matrix]]:[http://books.google.com/books?id=f89yg8a1t-EC&pg=PA23&dq=Cabibbo+angle&hl=en&ei=XYZvToTqN7PZiAKM55juBg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDIQ6AEwATgK#v=onepage&q=Cabibbo%20angle&f=false Morii]
:<math>\begin{pmatrix}
:<math>\begin{pmatrix}
d'\\
d'\\
Line 212: Line 16:
b\\
b\\
\end{pmatrix} </math>
\end{pmatrix} </math>
Thus, the up and down quarks are assembled as:
 
The quarks can be arranged to exhibit right- and left-handedness, subscripts ''L'' and ''R'', to resemble the leptons. The right-handed quarks do not couple to the weak interaction, and are labeled with subscript ''R''. The left-handed quarks corresponding to these right-handed quarks are mixtures of quarks. Thus, the up and down quarks are assembled as:


:<math> \tbinom {u}{d}_L \ ; \ \ u_R,\ d_R \ .</math>
:<math> \tbinom {u}{d}_L \ ; \ \ u_R,\ d_R \ .</math>
Line 248: Line 53:
|-
|-
|}
|}
{{Reflist}}

Latest revision as of 03:07, 22 November 2023


The account of this former contributor was not re-activated after the server upgrade of March 2022.


Quarks

The quarks that may engage one another in reactions are determined by the Cabbibo-Kobayashi-Maskawa matrix:Morii

The quarks can be arranged to exhibit right- and left-handedness, subscripts L and R, to resemble the leptons. The right-handed quarks do not couple to the weak interaction, and are labeled with subscript R. The left-handed quarks corresponding to these right-handed quarks are mixtures of quarks. Thus, the up and down quarks are assembled as:

The other generations are arranged similarly:

Right- and left-handed quarks
Symbol Electric charge, Q Weak isospin, (IW, IW3) Weak hypercharge, (YW)
uL, cL, tL +2/3 (1/2, +1/2) +1/3
dL, sL, bL −1/3 (1/2, −1/2) +1/3
uR, cR, tR +2/3 0 +4/3
dR, sR, bR −1/3 0 −2/3


Retrieved from "https://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=User:John_R._Brews/Coriolis_force&oldid=907116"