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*[http://www.arts.ed.ac.uk/celtic/poileasaidh Rannsachadh air poileasaidh cànain agus dealbhadh cànain - Research on Language Policy and Language Planning] - [[University of Edinburgh]]-based research on language planning in [[Scotland]]; articles in [[Scottish Gaelic language|Scottish Gaelic]] or [[English language|English]].
===Manga===
{{main|Manga}}
[[Image:Manga-magazines.jpg|right|thumb|350px|{{#ifexist:Template:Manga-magazines.jpg/credit|{{Manga-magazines.jpg/credit}}<br/>|}}Manga and magazines on sale in Japan.]]
One of the most popular forms of entertainment in Japan is ''manga'' (漫画; in ''[[hiragan]]'' まんが; in ''[[katakana]]'' マンガ), meaning print '[[comic]]s' or '[[cartoon]]s'; <ref name="Lent">Lent, John A. 2001. "Introduction." In John A. Lent, editor. ''Illustrating Asia: Comics, Humor Magazines, and Picture Books''. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawai'i Press. pp. 3-4. ISBN 0-8248-2471-7.</ref><ref name="Schodt1986">Schodt, Frederik L. 1986. ''Manga! Manga! The World of Japanese Comics.'' Tokyo: Kodansha. ISBN 4-7700-1252-7.</ref> Manga are immensely popular in Japan<ref> Schodt, 1986, ''op. cit.,'' Chapter 1, pp. 12-27.</ref><ref>Thorn, Matt September 29, 2008. "Just how much do those Japanese read manga?" http://matt-thorn.com/wordpress/?p=261 (Accessed October 3, 2008)</ref><ref>Thorn, Matt September 29, 2008 "More stats on manga reading in Japan." http://matt-thorn.com/wordpress/?p=272 (Accessed October 3, 2008)</ref> and, in the past two decades, have become popular worldwide, with the word now firmly established in the [[English language]] to refer to these.
 
Typically, manga are printed in black and white, and as is the case with much other Japanese reading matter, are read from right to left, starting from the 'back' of the book. They cover a wide variety of topics, from adventure, romance, and [[horror]] to [[sports]], [[science fiction]], and explicit sexuality.<ref name=Schodt1986/><ref name="Gravett2004">Gravett, Paul. 2004. ''Manga: Sixty Years of Japanese Comics.'' NY: Harper Design. ISBN 1-85669-391-0. p. 8.</ref><ref name="Masanao">Masanao, Amano, editor 2004. ''Manga Design.'' Köln:Taschen. pp. 92-95. ISBN 3-8228-2591-3.</ref><ref name = "KoRich">Koyama-Richard, Brigitte. 2007. ''One Thousand Years of Manga.'' Paris: Flammarion. ISBN 978-2-0803-0029-4.</ref> Drawing styles vary considerably, from intricate and complex page layouts to simple line drawings.<ref name="Schodt1986"/><ref name="Gravett2004"/> Manga stories cover all kinds of adventures, with four creations particularly well-known: the robot-child ''Astro Boy'' (or ''Mighty Atom'', i.e. 鉄腕アトム ''Tetsuwan Atomu''); the independently-minded lady ''Sazae-san'' (サザエさん); the time-travelling mechanical cat ''Doraemon'' (ドラえもん); and ''Black Jack'' (ブラック・ジャック), the tale of an underworld surgeon who performs implausible operations to save the innocent. The artist [[Osamu Tezuka]] (手塚 治虫 ''Tezuka Osamu'') became known as the 'God of Manga' for giving the world ''Astro Boy'' in 1952,<ref>Schodt (2007).</ref> and was also responsible for developing ''Black Jack'' in the 1970s. ''Doraemon'' has been thrilling readers since 1969, and these adventures have been the recipient of several awards, including ''Asahi Shimbun'''s 'Tezuka Osamu Cultural Prize' (手塚治虫文化賞, ''Tezuka Osamu Bunkashō'') in 1997. The cat was also recognised by ''Time Asia'' magazine in 2006 as an 'Asian Hero', or cultural icon.<ref>''Time Asia'': '[http://www.time.com/time/asia/features/heroes/doraemon.html The Cuddliest Hero in Asia]'. 2006.</ref>
 
Manga are typically published first in [[magazine]]s and then in paperback [[book]]s called  単行本 ''tankoobon'', and, if popular enough, then animated.<ref name="Kinsella">Kinsella, Sharon. 2000. ''Adult Manga: Culture and Power in Contemporary Japanese Society.'' Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. ISBN 0-8248-2318-4.</ref> Manga also serve as an interesting way of getting the news: government ministries as well as corporations have often used manga to put across complicated ideas to the public.<ref>Kinsella (2000). For a controversial example of the use of manga to explain defence policy, see ''Mainichi Daily News'': '[http://mdn.mainichi.jp/culture/waiwai/archive/news/2007/07/20070724p2g00m0dm010000c.html Defense Ministry turns to 'Lolita' manga character to reveal inner self]'. 24th July 2007.</ref>
 
In Japan, manga are read by people of all ages, and fans can be seen reading their favourite stories in 24-hour convenience stores or with [[coffee]] in special round-the-clock 'manga cafés' (漫画喫茶 or マンガ喫茶, ''manga kissa''). Another place to find the legions of manga readers is at the three-day 'Comic Market' (コミック・マーケット ''Komikku Māketto'') in Tokyo, Japan's largest public indoor gathering; at this magazine fair a vast number of manga are available to browse and buy.<ref>''Comiket.co.jp'': '[http://www.comiket.co.jp/info-a/WhatIsEng080225.pdf What is the Comic Market?]'. Official information from the organising committee.</ref>
 
Artists outside Japan have adopted many manga techniques.<ref>Tai, Elizabeth. September 23, 2007. "Manga outside Japan." ''The Star Online'', at http://thestar.com.my/lifestyle/story.asp?file=/2007/9/23/lifebookshelf/18898783&sec=lifebookshelf (Accessed October 3, 2008)</ref> Manga-influenced comics include not only work by US artists,<ref>Cha, Kai-Ming and Calvin Reid. October 17, 2005. "Manga in English: Born in the USA." ''Publishers Weekly,'' available at http://www.publishersweekly.com/article/CA6272269.html (Accessed October 3, 2008)</ref> but also [[Korea]]n ''manhwa''<ref>Webb, Martin. May 28, 2006 "Manga by any other name is..." ''The Japan Times Online,'' available at http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/fl20060528x1.html (Accessed October 3, 2008)</ref> and [[China|Chinese]] ''manhua''<ref name="Wong 2002">Wong, Wendy Siuyi. 2002. ''Hong Kong Comics: A History of Manhua.'' NY: Princeton Architectural Press. ISBN 1-56898-269-0</ref><ref name="Wong 2006">Wong, Wendy Siuyi. 2006. "Globalizing manga: From Japan to Hong Kong and beyond." ''Mechademia: An Academic Forum for Anime, Manga, and the Fan Arts'', 1:23-45.</ref> as well as "la nouvelle manga" by [[Frédèric Boilet]] and his collaborators.<ref name="Boilet">Boilet, Frédèric. 2003. "Yukiko's Spinach." Angoulême: Fanfare/Ponent Mon. ISBN 84-933093-4-6.</ref> Since May 2007, the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs has recognised excellence for non-Japanese manga in its annual International Manga Award.<ref>MOFA: First International MANGA Award. See http://www.mofa.go.jp/announce/announce/2007/6/1174276_828.html (Accessed October 3, 2008)</ref>
 
{{reflist|2}}

Revision as of 01:10, 3 November 2008

Manga

For more information, see: Manga.
(CC) Photo: John Stephenson
Manga and magazines on sale in Japan.

One of the most popular forms of entertainment in Japan is manga (漫画; in hiragan まんが; in katakana マンガ), meaning print 'comics' or 'cartoons'; [1][2] Manga are immensely popular in Japan[3][4][5] and, in the past two decades, have become popular worldwide, with the word now firmly established in the English language to refer to these.

Typically, manga are printed in black and white, and as is the case with much other Japanese reading matter, are read from right to left, starting from the 'back' of the book. They cover a wide variety of topics, from adventure, romance, and horror to sports, science fiction, and explicit sexuality.[2][6][7][8] Drawing styles vary considerably, from intricate and complex page layouts to simple line drawings.[2][6] Manga stories cover all kinds of adventures, with four creations particularly well-known: the robot-child Astro Boy (or Mighty Atom, i.e. 鉄腕アトム Tetsuwan Atomu); the independently-minded lady Sazae-san (サザエさん); the time-travelling mechanical cat Doraemon (ドラえもん); and Black Jack (ブラック・ジャック), the tale of an underworld surgeon who performs implausible operations to save the innocent. The artist Osamu Tezuka (手塚 治虫 Tezuka Osamu) became known as the 'God of Manga' for giving the world Astro Boy in 1952,[9] and was also responsible for developing Black Jack in the 1970s. Doraemon has been thrilling readers since 1969, and these adventures have been the recipient of several awards, including Asahi Shimbun's 'Tezuka Osamu Cultural Prize' (手塚治虫文化賞, Tezuka Osamu Bunkashō) in 1997. The cat was also recognised by Time Asia magazine in 2006 as an 'Asian Hero', or cultural icon.[10]

Manga are typically published first in magazines and then in paperback books called 単行本 tankoobon, and, if popular enough, then animated.[11] Manga also serve as an interesting way of getting the news: government ministries as well as corporations have often used manga to put across complicated ideas to the public.[12]

In Japan, manga are read by people of all ages, and fans can be seen reading their favourite stories in 24-hour convenience stores or with coffee in special round-the-clock 'manga cafés' (漫画喫茶 or マンガ喫茶, manga kissa). Another place to find the legions of manga readers is at the three-day 'Comic Market' (コミック・マーケット Komikku Māketto) in Tokyo, Japan's largest public indoor gathering; at this magazine fair a vast number of manga are available to browse and buy.[13]

Artists outside Japan have adopted many manga techniques.[14] Manga-influenced comics include not only work by US artists,[15] but also Korean manhwa[16] and Chinese manhua[17][18] as well as "la nouvelle manga" by Frédèric Boilet and his collaborators.[19] Since May 2007, the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs has recognised excellence for non-Japanese manga in its annual International Manga Award.[20]

  1. ↑ Lent, John A. 2001. "Introduction." In John A. Lent, editor. Illustrating Asia: Comics, Humor Magazines, and Picture Books. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawai'i Press. pp. 3-4. ISBN 0-8248-2471-7.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Schodt, Frederik L. 1986. Manga! Manga! The World of Japanese Comics. Tokyo: Kodansha. ISBN 4-7700-1252-7.
  3. ↑ Schodt, 1986, op. cit., Chapter 1, pp. 12-27.
  4. ↑ Thorn, Matt September 29, 2008. "Just how much do those Japanese read manga?" http://matt-thorn.com/wordpress/?p=261 (Accessed October 3, 2008)
  5. ↑ Thorn, Matt September 29, 2008 "More stats on manga reading in Japan." http://matt-thorn.com/wordpress/?p=272 (Accessed October 3, 2008)
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Gravett, Paul. 2004. Manga: Sixty Years of Japanese Comics. NY: Harper Design. ISBN 1-85669-391-0. p. 8.
  7. ↑ Masanao, Amano, editor 2004. Manga Design. Köln:Taschen. pp. 92-95. ISBN 3-8228-2591-3.
  8. ↑ Koyama-Richard, Brigitte. 2007. One Thousand Years of Manga. Paris: Flammarion. ISBN 978-2-0803-0029-4.
  9. ↑ Schodt (2007).
  10. ↑ Time Asia: 'The Cuddliest Hero in Asia'. 2006.
  11. ↑ Kinsella, Sharon. 2000. Adult Manga: Culture and Power in Contemporary Japanese Society. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. ISBN 0-8248-2318-4.
  12. ↑ Kinsella (2000). For a controversial example of the use of manga to explain defence policy, see Mainichi Daily News: 'Defense Ministry turns to 'Lolita' manga character to reveal inner self'. 24th July 2007.
  13. ↑ Comiket.co.jp: 'What is the Comic Market?'. Official information from the organising committee.
  14. ↑ Tai, Elizabeth. September 23, 2007. "Manga outside Japan." The Star Online, at http://thestar.com.my/lifestyle/story.asp?file=/2007/9/23/lifebookshelf/18898783&sec=lifebookshelf (Accessed October 3, 2008)
  15. ↑ Cha, Kai-Ming and Calvin Reid. October 17, 2005. "Manga in English: Born in the USA." Publishers Weekly, available at http://www.publishersweekly.com/article/CA6272269.html (Accessed October 3, 2008)
  16. ↑ Webb, Martin. May 28, 2006 "Manga by any other name is..." The Japan Times Online, available at http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/fl20060528x1.html (Accessed October 3, 2008)
  17. ↑ Wong, Wendy Siuyi. 2002. Hong Kong Comics: A History of Manhua. NY: Princeton Architectural Press. ISBN 1-56898-269-0
  18. ↑ Wong, Wendy Siuyi. 2006. "Globalizing manga: From Japan to Hong Kong and beyond." Mechademia: An Academic Forum for Anime, Manga, and the Fan Arts, 1:23-45.
  19. ↑ Boilet, Frédèric. 2003. "Yukiko's Spinach." Angoulême: Fanfare/Ponent Mon. ISBN 84-933093-4-6.
  20. ↑ MOFA: First International MANGA Award. See http://www.mofa.go.jp/announce/announce/2007/6/1174276_828.html (Accessed October 3, 2008)
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