Quotation marks

Quotation marks, also called, less formally, quotes or speech marks (“...” or ‘...’ or «...», etc.) are punctuation marks organized in pairs, set at the beginning and the end of a quotation and, likewise, at the beginning and the end of any passage with a special sense, a special use or a special form.

Layout

Length

The passage between quotation marks may vary considerably in size, ranging form a single word to several paragraphs.

Opening and closing marks

The shapes of quotation marks generally differ according to the position:

• At the beginning, there is an “opening quotation mark”: “..., ‘..., «...
• At the end, there is a “closing quotation mark”: ...”, ...’, ...».

However, in a neglected typography, in typewriters and in many, ill-conceived, publishing softwares, some differentiated shapes such as “...” and ‘...’ (called “smart quotes”) are replaced by uniform, straight shapes such as "..." and '...' (called “dumb quotes”).

Embedding different levels of quotation marks

Sometimes, inner quotation marks may be inserted within outer quotation marks. In this case, the outer marks have the same form as other quotation marks of the text, whereas the inner marks have preferently a different form. For instance:

“Mark said ‘hello’ this morning.”

‘Mark said “hello” this morning.’

Shapes in different languages

Quotation marks may have differing shapes and layouts depending on the language:

• “...” and ‘...’ as in English and many other languages,
• «...» and ‘...’ as in many Romance languages,
• « ... » and ‘...’ as in French,
• »...« as in Danish,
• „...‟ and ,...‘ as in German,
• ”...” and »...» as in Swedish and Finnish.

etc.

The following table summerizes various uses in various languages.

Language	Standard			Alternative			Spacing	Names, references
	primary	secondary		primary	secondary
Afrikaans	“…”	‘…’		„…”	‚…’			Aanhalingstekens
Albanian	„…“	‘…’						Thonjëza
Basque	«…»	‹…›						Komatxoak
Belarusian	«…»			„…“				Двукоссі ("double commas"), лапкі ("little paws")
Bulgarian	„…“			«…»				кавички
Catalan	«…»	“…”		“…”	‘…’		0 pt	Cometes franceses (« »), cometes angleses (“ ”), cometes simples (‘ ’). ‹ and › are never used.
Chinese, Simplified	“…”	‘…’		﹃ ︰ ﹄	﹁ ︰ ﹂		Fullwidth form	“…” Simplified Chinese 双引号 (Double quotation mark, pinyin: shuāng yǐn hào), ‘…’ Simplified Chinese 单引号 (Single quotation mark, pinyin: dān yǐn hào) GB/T 15834:1995
Chinese, Traditional	「…」	『…』		“…”	‘…’			引號 (yǐn hào) 國語文教育叢書第三
Croatian	„…”	‚…’		»…«				Navodnici „…” and »…« (latter not used in handwriting, only press & print); polunavodnici ‚…’
Czech	„…“	‚…‘		»…«	›…‹			Uvozovka (singular), uvozovky (plural) (cf. uvozovat = "to introduce")
Danish	»…«	›…‹		„…“ or “…”	‚…‘			citationstegn ("citation marks"), anførselstegn, gåseøjne ("goose eyes")
Dutch	“…”	‘…’		„…”	‚…’			Aanhalingstekens ("citation marks")
English, UK	‘…’ or “…”	“…” or ‘…’					1–2 pt	Quotation mark, double quote, quote, dirk, double mark, literal mark, double-glitch, inverted commas, speech mark; (INTERCAL: rabbit-ears; ITU-T: dieresis, quotation mark)
English, US	“…”	‘…’					1–2 pt	See above
Esperanto	“…”	‘…’						Citiloj
Estonian	„…“			«…»				Jutumärgid ("story marks")
Finnish	”…”	’…’		»…»	’…’			Lainausmerkki ("citation mark", singular), lainausmerkit (plural)
French	« … »	« … » or “…”		“ … ”	‘ … ’		¼-em / non-break	Guillemets
French, Swiss	«…»	‹…›						See above
Georgian	„…“			“…”			0 pt	ბრჭყალები (brč’q’alebi "claws")
German	„…“	‚…‘		»…«	›…‹			Anführungszeichen, Gänsefüßchen ("little goose feet"), Hochkommas/Hochkommata ("high commas")
German, Swiss	«…»	‹…›						See above
Greek	«…»	“…”					1 pt	εισαγωγικά ("introductory marks")
Hebrew	“…”			“…„				merkha'ot — מֵרְכָאוֹת (plural of merkha — מֵרְכָא); a similar punctuation mark unique to Hebrew is called gershayim — גרשיים
Hungarian	„…”	»…«						macskaköröm ("cat claws"), idézőjel ("quotation mark" = „ ”), lúdláb ("goose feet"), hegyével befelé forduló jelpár (» «)
Icelandic	„…“	‚…‘						Gæsalappir ("goose feet")
Indonesian	“…”	‘…’						Tanda kutip, tanda petik
Interlingua								Virgulettas
Irish	“…”	‘…’					1–2 pt	Liamóg (from "William", see Guillemets)
Italian	«…»			“…”	‘…’		1–2 pt	Virgolette
Italian, Swiss	«…»	‹…›						See above
Japanese	「…」	『…』						Template:Nihongo, Template:Nihongo
Korean	“…”	‘…’		『…』	「…」			따옴표(“ttaompyo”)
Latvian	«…»	„…“						Pēdiņas
Lithuanian	„…“	‚…‘		«…»	‹…›			Kabutės
Macedonian	„…“	’…‘						Наводници (primary level, double quote), полунаводници (secondary level, single quote)
Norwegian	«…»	’…’		„…”	’…’			Anførselstegn, gåseauge/gåseøyne ("goose eyes"), hermeteikn/hermetegn, sittatteikn/sitattegn, dobbeltfnutt
Polish	„…”	«…»		«…»				Cudzysłów
Portuguese, Brazil	“…”	‘…’						Aspas Duplas and Aspas Simples respectively.
Portuguese, Portugal	«…»	“…”		“…”	‘…’			Aspas or Vírgulas dobradas
Romanian	„…”	«…»		«…»	„…”		0 pt	Ghilimele (plural), ghilimea (singular, rarely used)
Russian	«…»	„…“					0 pt	Кавычки (kavychki, general term); ёлочки (yolochki, "little fir trees": angle quotes); лапки (lapki, "little paws": curly quotes)
Serbian	„…“	’…’		„…” or »…«				Наводници, знаци навода (cyr.) / Navodnici, znaci navoda (lat.)
Slovak	„…“	‚…‘		»…«	›…‹			úvodzovka (singular), úvodzovky (plural) (cf. uvádzať = "to introduce")
Slovene	„…“	‚…‘		»…«	›…‹
Sorbian	„…“	‚…‘
Spanish	«…»	“…”		“…”	‘…’		0 pt	Comillas latinas or comillas angulares (« »), comillas inglesas dobles (“ ”), comillas inglesas simples (‘ ’). ‹ and › are never used in Spanish.
Swedish	”…”	’…’		»…» or »…«	’…’			citationstecken, anföringstecken, citattecken (modernised term), dubbelfnutt (colloquial for ASCII double quote)
Thai	“…”	‘…’						อัญประกาศ (anprakat)
Turkish	«…»	‹…›		“…”	‘…’		0–1 pt	Tırnak İşareti ("fingernail mark")
Ukrainian	«…»			„…“			0 pt	Лапки [plural only] (lapky, "little paws")
Vietnamese	“…”							Dấu ngoặc kép
Welsh	‘…’ or “…”	“…” or ‘…’					1–2 pt	Dyfynodau