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''This article is about the activity. For other uses, see [[Sex (disambiguation)]].''
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'''Sex''' is an activity involving prolonged [[genitals|genital]] contact, such as when the [[penis]] enters part of another person's body, most commonly the [[vagina]], for the purposes of pleasure and sometimes [[sexual reproduction|reproduction]]. Sex can be part of [[homosexuality|homosexual]] ([[gay]]) as well as heterosexual (straight) relationships, and is sometimes discussed as an 'act of [[love]]'. Often, however, sex occurs just so the participants can experience the sensation of pleasure that accompanies the activity, including orgasm, and they may well take steps to avoid a later [[pregnancy]] by using [[contraceptive]]s. Some of these methods, such as [[condom]] use, also reduce the risk of transmitting [[virus]]es that rely on sex to spread. Contraceptives, family planning and responsible attitudes to sex are three reasons that help explain why, while it is the main way of introducing [[sperm]] into a [[woman]]'s body so that a [[man]]'s [[gene]]tic material has the opportunity to fuse with an [[egg (human)|egg]] to form an [[embryology|embryo]], very often acts of sex do not eventually lead to the [[childbirth|birth]] of a [[child]].
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Sex is a consensual activity: though adults and [[adolescent]]s have little or no control over their sense of sexual attraction, they must freely choose to have sex. When a person is forced into sex, this is [[rape]], and for the victim it is never a sexual act but a horrific assault. Scholars have often identified the reasons for rape as social rather than biological: in this view, rape is about power over others,<ref>This is the definition given in the [[United Nations]] document '[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijrl/5.2.319 Situation of Human Rights in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia]' (UN document e/CN.4/1993/50). Published in ''International Journal of Refugee Law'' 5: 319-333. 10th February 1993. The definition appears on p.330 of the report, which also includes descriptions of the ordeals suffered by women raped in wartime.</ref> as a rapist - in most definitions, always a man - for deviant reasons<ref>Groth & Burgess (1977).</ref> seeks to [[violence|violently]] dominate or punish another person and keep them in a state of [[fear]].<ref>Brownmiller (1975: 14).</ref> More recently, controversy has erupted over [[evolution]]ary explanations that root rape not just in social conditions and the extension of violent activity, but the innate male sex drive<ref>Brownmiller & Merhof (1992). cf. Thornhill &　Palmer (2000/2001); Jones (1999); Pinker (2002: 161-162, 359-371).</ref> and its conflict with women's ability to choose who fathers their children.<ref>'[http://www.psych.ucsb.edu/research/cep/tnr.html Reply to Jerry Coyne]'. John Tooby and Leda Cosmides, Center for Evolutionary Psychology, University of California, Santa Barbara. 2000.</ref> This debate has also involved discussion on the irresponsibility of ignoring sex itself as a motivator for rape,<ref>Paglia (1990: 51, 57).</ref> the rejection of the idea that all men whether rapists or not are ultimately beneficiaries of rape,<ref>McElroy (1996).</ref> and the assumption that if rape is in any way a consequence of innate, evolved traits, then this sends the message that it is in some way more acceptable.<ref>Pinker (2002: 363).</ref> Of course, researchers seeking an explanation for the presence of rape in all societies have taken great care to make the obvious point that the intent behind such work is to find a way to reduce rape in society.<ref>Pinker (2002: 364-365, 367).</ref>
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==Footnotes==
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*Brownmiller S (1975) ''Against Our Will: Men, Women and Rape''. New York: Fawcett Columbine.
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*Brownmiller S & Merhof B (1992) 'A feminist response to rape as an adaptation in men'. ''Behaviorial and Brain Sciences'' 15: 381-382.
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*Groth AN & Burgess AW (1977) 'Rape: a sexual deviation'. ''American Journal of Orthopsychiatry'' 47: 400-406.
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*Jones OD (1999) 'Sex, culture and the biology of rape: toward explanation and prevention'. ''California Law Review'' 87: 827-942.
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*McElroy W (1996) ''Sexual Correctness:: the Gender-Feminist Attack on Women''. Jefferson, NC: McFarland.
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*Paglia C (1990) ''Sexual Personae: Art and Decadence from Nefertiti to Emily Dickinson''. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
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*[[Steven Pinker|Pinker S]] (2002) ''The Blank Slate: the Modern Denial of Human Nature''. London: Penguin.
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*Thornhill R & Palmer CT (2000/2001) ''A Natural History of Rape: Biological Bases of Sexual Coercion''. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. 2001 paperback edition includes a reply to critics.
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*[[United Nations]] document '[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijrl/5.2.319 Situation of Human Rights in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia]' 0e/CN.4/1993/50. 10th February 1993. Published in ''International Journal of Refugee Law'' 5: 319-333. 10th February 1993.
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Latest revision as of 17:39, 4 March 2021


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