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<!-- As an experiment I tried a Google translation of the German WP article. After a few hours of fixing it up I paused with it in the following state -->


'''Fritz Haber''' (9 December 1868, [[Breslau]] &ndash; 29 January
1934 [[Basel]]) was a German chemist and a pioneer of [[chemical warfare]]. Haber was awarded the [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] in 1918 for the synthesis of [[ammonia]] from the [[chemical element|elements]].
== Life ==
Fritz Haber was born into a Jewish family. His father ran a business for [[fabric(textiles)|fabrics]],  [[paint]]s, and [[Drug (Pharmacy)|drugs]]. At Fritz's birth, serious complications occurred and his mother died three weeks later. Fritz's father never could overcome his wife's death  "for which Fritz was the cause". This led in later life to tensions between father and son.
Haber attended the humanistic gymnasium St. Elizabeth and took the classics (Latin and Greek) plus
mathematics branch. Chemistry as an independent subject was not
provided.  Fritz Haber first studied business but in 1886 he took chemistry in [[Berlin]] and at the [[University of Heidelberg | Heidelberg]]. Haber received his doctorate in 1891 under [[Carl Liebermann]] in Berlin with a thesis entitled ''On certain derivatives of [[Piperonal]] s''in organic chemistry.  In  1893, he  converted  to the [[Protestantism|Protestant]]-Christian faith against his father's wishes.  After a brief spell in industry, he became in 1894 assistant in the [[Physical Chemistry]]  Institute of the [[University of Karlsruhe | Technical
University of Karlsruhe]] and there he took his habilitation's degree in 1896.
Two years later in 1898, Haber published the textbook "Fundamentals of practical electrochemistry"
in Karlsruhe and was appointed extraordinary [[professor]] of [[Chemical Technology]]. In 1906 he  succeeded [[Max Le Blanc]] to the chair of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry in Karlsruhe.
From 1904 on Haber worked on the catalytic formation of ammonia. In 1905 he published his book "Thermodynamics of technical gas reactions",  which treats the foundations of his  subsequent thermo-chemical work. Haber  applied on 13 October 1908  at the German Imperial Patent Office in Berlin for patent regarding a "method for synthetic preparation of ammonia from its elements" that was granted on the 8th of June 1911. Meanwhile, Haber had signed  an employee contract with the [[BASF]] and you leave the patent to the  economic recovery.<ref> Guenther
Luxbacher:''[http://www.wienerzeitung.at/Desktopdefault.aspx?TabID=3946&Alias=wzo&lexikon
= Science & letter = W & cob =] 5004 Bread and explosives.''In:''EXTRA
Lexikon, [[Wiener Zeitung ]].''</ ref>
As a result, he developed in 1909 together with [[Carl Bosch]] in the BASF, the [[Haber-Bosch process]], which was signed in 1910 for a patent. This procedure allowed for the synthetic production of ammonia as a substitute for [[saltpetre (chemical compound) | saltpetre]] to produce [[fertilizer | fertilizers]] and [[explosive]]. In 1911 Haber was appointed Director of
the [[Kaiser Wilhelm Institute]] for Physical Chemistry and [[Electrochemistry]] in Berlin-Dahlem and appointed 1912 to ordinary honorary professor of physical chemistry at the [[Humboldt University of Berlin | Berlin University]]. This institute is now designated as [[Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Society]] after him. Next  is the Fritz Haber Center for Molecular Dynamics of the [[Hebrew University of Jerusalem | Hebrew University of Jerusalem]] named after
him. Because of its role as a military researcher and consultant, he was
assigned, previously deputy sergeant, the rank of [[Captain (officer)| captain]] granted. His experiments with [[phosgene]] and [[chlorine]] (a byproduct of the color production of the chemical industry), which - against the wishes of his first wife, [[Clara Immerwahr]] (Marriage
1901), who held a PhD in chemistry - was started a few weeks after the war began, made him the father of [[poison gas] weapons], which were used in the [[First World War | World War I]] from Germany. A few  days after the first German use of poison gas on 22 April 1915 at
[[Ypres]] committed suicide with his wife of Haber's service weapon. After the First World War he was due to the violation of the [[Hague Regulations]] from the [[Allied]]  looking at times as a
[[war crimes]] and fled temporarily to the [[Switzerland]]. In  his memoirs [[Otto Hahn reported]] on a conversation with Haber: "When I objected that this kind of warfare is contrary to the Hague Convention, he said that the French would have - albeit in poor shape, namely, gas-gun ammunition -- the beginning of this done. Too many lives are saved if the war could be completed more quickly in this way",<ref> Otto Hahn:''My Life.''Munich 1968. </ref>. From 1919, he tried vainly for six years to win from the sea [[gold]] in order to pay the [[German reparations]] too.
In April 1917 Haber had taken over the  management of a ''technical committee'' pesticide, which was to deal with the disinfestation of accommodation (bed bugs and lice) and silos
(moth). This was done with [[hydrogen cyanide]] gas, which was
produced in the so-called''procedural''tun, was by [[sodium cyanide]] and [[potassium cyanide]] placed in an open wooden vat of dilute [[sulfuric acid]]. <ref> Jürgen Kalthoff:''The dealers of Zyklon B.''Hamburg 1998, ISBN 3-87975-713-5, p. 17-19. </ ref> In March 1919,
the [[German Society for Pest Control]] Founded (Degesch), whose first
line Haber, held in 1920 [[Walter Heerdt]].
[[Ferdinand Flury]], which was like Heerdt, and  [[Bruno Tesch (chemist) | Bruno Tesch]] Haber's
former employee, developed a cyclone in 1920 and received patents for it.  Cyclone A consisted of cyanide gas and the accompanying strong-smelling warning agent
[[bromoacetic acid]] <nowiki /> methyl ester,
which was delivered in bottles with a pressure
atomizer nozzle.  A cyclone but could not
displace the vat method, and was considered
uneconomic. <ref> Jürgen Kalthoff:''The dealers
...''.  Hamburg 1998, ISBN
3-87975-713-5, p. 28-30. </ ref> The decisive
progress towards a safe method bound with cyanide
in the warning agent to a porous carrier material
is not under pressure and after opening the tin
slowly releases gases, succeeded Walter Heerdt, of
this procedure on 20  June 1922 for
a patent for [[Zyklon B]] ((<ref> filed for patent
| country = U.S. | V-No = 438,818 | title =
procedures for pest control | A-Date = 1922-06-20
| date = 1926 V -12-27 | inventor = Walter Heerdt
| Applicant Degesch =)) </ ref>.  This procedure was used
for fumigation with [[Zyklon B]]. <ref> Jürgen
Kalthoff:''The dealers ...'' Hamburg 1998, ISBN
3-87975-713-5, p. 234 (often suggested a direct
connection Haber with Zyklon B is not given). </ref> Fritz Haber had since the founding of the
[[IG Farben]] 1925] in their [[Board].
After the [[Nazi]] 1933 at the Kaiser Wilhelm institutes the [[Aryan paragraph]]
s penetrated and dismissed the Jewish people, which even he could not prevent Haber in May 1933
could be put into retirement.  He emigrated in the late fall of 1933 after the
[[Cambridge]], where he had not yet received a professorship at the [[University of Cambridge|University]] and died shortly after 1934 on his
way through [[Basel]].
== Impact ==
The research results show the
Haber [[Janus | Janus-faced]] of his scientific
work: On one hand, through the development of
ammonia synthesis (to manufacture explosive) or a
technical process for the production and use of
poison gas warfare, as it has become possible on
an industrial basis. Nor would it be without these
skills, the diet of mankind today is not
possible.  The world
annual production of synthesized nitrogen
fertilizer is currently more than 100 million
tons.
Without this production makes possible the
Haber-Bosch process accounted for half of the
current world population, the food base. <ref>
Joerg Albrecht:''Bread and war from the
air.''In:''[[# Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung,
Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung Sunday (FAS) |
Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung Sunday ]].'' 41,
2008, p. 77 (figures from 'Nature Geosience ").</ref>
== Literature ==
* Joerg Albrecht:''Bread and wars from the air. In the 77th'': [[# Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, Frankfurter Allgemeine Sonntagszeitung (FAS) | Frankfurter Allgemeine
Zeitung Sunday]] 41/2008, p.
* [[Adolf Henning fruit]], Joachim Zepelin:''The tragedy of the despised love .''In: Mannheimer Forum''1994/95''.  Piper, Munich 1995.
* Adolf Henning Frucht:''Fritz Haber and pest control during the 1st  World War II and during the inflation''.  In:''Dahlem Archive discussions''. Volume 11, 2005, p. 141-158. 
* ((NDB | 7 | 386 | 389 | Haber, Fritz Jacob | Erna and Johannes Jaenicke))
* Fritz Richard Stern:''Five Germany and a life: memories''.  Beck, Munich 2007, ISBN 978-3-406-55811-5.
* Dietrich Stoltzenberg:''Fritz Haber: Chemist, Nobel Laureate, German, Jew''.  Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 1998, ISBN 3-527-29573-9.
* Margit Szollosi-Janze:''Fritz Haber. 1868-1934.  A Biography''. Beck, Munich 1998, ISBN  -406-43548-3. Commonscat

Revision as of 10:24, 27 February 2010


Fritz Haber (9 December 1868, Breslau – 29 January 1934 Basel) was a German chemist and a pioneer of chemical warfare. Haber was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1918 for the synthesis of ammonia from the elements.

Life

Fritz Haber was born into a Jewish family. His father ran a business for fabrics, paints, and drugs. At Fritz's birth, serious complications occurred and his mother died three weeks later. Fritz's father never could overcome his wife's death "for which Fritz was the cause". This led in later life to tensions between father and son.

Haber attended the humanistic gymnasium St. Elizabeth and took the classics (Latin and Greek) plus mathematics branch. Chemistry as an independent subject was not provided. Fritz Haber first studied business but in 1886 he took chemistry in Berlin and at the Heidelberg. Haber received his doctorate in 1891 under Carl Liebermann in Berlin with a thesis entitled On certain derivatives of Piperonal sin organic chemistry. In 1893, he converted to the Protestant-Christian faith against his father's wishes. After a brief spell in industry, he became in 1894 assistant in the Physical Chemistry Institute of the Technical University of Karlsruhe and there he took his habilitation's degree in 1896.

Two years later in 1898, Haber published the textbook "Fundamentals of practical electrochemistry" in Karlsruhe and was appointed extraordinary professor of Chemical Technology. In 1906 he succeeded Max Le Blanc to the chair of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry in Karlsruhe.

From 1904 on Haber worked on the catalytic formation of ammonia. In 1905 he published his book "Thermodynamics of technical gas reactions", which treats the foundations of his subsequent thermo-chemical work. Haber applied on 13 October 1908 at the German Imperial Patent Office in Berlin for patent regarding a "method for synthetic preparation of ammonia from its elements" that was granted on the 8th of June 1911. Meanwhile, Haber had signed an employee contract with the BASF and you leave the patent to the economic recovery.Cite error: Closing </ref> missing for <ref> tag. From 1919, he tried vainly for six years to win from the sea gold in order to pay the German reparations too. In April 1917 Haber had taken over the management of a technical committee pesticide, which was to deal with the disinfestation of accommodation (bed bugs and lice) and silos (moth). This was done with hydrogen cyanide gas, which was produced in the so-calledproceduraltun, was by sodium cyanide and potassium cyanide placed in an open wooden vat of dilute sulfuric acid. Cite error: Closing </ref> missing for <ref> tag Fritz Haber had since the founding of the IG Farben 1925] in their [[Board].

After the Nazi 1933 at the Kaiser Wilhelm institutes the Aryan paragraph s penetrated and dismissed the Jewish people, which even he could not prevent Haber in May 1933 could be put into retirement. He emigrated in the late fall of 1933 after the Cambridge, where he had not yet received a professorship at the University and died shortly after 1934 on his way through Basel.

Impact

The research results show the Haber Janus-faced of his scientific work: On one hand, through the development of ammonia synthesis (to manufacture explosive) or a technical process for the production and use of poison gas warfare, as it has become possible on an industrial basis. Nor would it be without these skills, the diet of mankind today is not possible. The world annual production of synthesized nitrogen fertilizer is currently more than 100 million tons. Without this production makes possible the Haber-Bosch process accounted for half of the current world population, the food base. [1]

Literature

Zeitung Sunday 41/2008, p.

  • Adolf Henning fruit, Joachim Zepelin:The tragedy of the despised love .In: Mannheimer Forum1994/95. Piper, Munich 1995.
  • Adolf Henning Frucht:Fritz Haber and pest control during the 1st World War II and during the inflation. In:Dahlem Archive discussions. Volume 11, 2005, p. 141-158.
  • ((NDB | 7 | 386 | 389 | Haber, Fritz Jacob | Erna and Johannes Jaenicke))
  • Fritz Richard Stern:Five Germany and a life: memories. Beck, Munich 2007, ISBN 978-3-406-55811-5.
  • Dietrich Stoltzenberg:Fritz Haber: Chemist, Nobel Laureate, German, Jew. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 1998, ISBN 3-527-29573-9.
  • Margit Szollosi-Janze:Fritz Haber. 1868-1934. A Biography. Beck, Munich 1998, ISBN -406-43548-3. Commonscat
  1. ↑ Joerg Albrecht:Bread and war from the air.In:[[# Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung Sunday (FAS) | Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung Sunday ]]. 41, 2008, p. 77 (figures from 'Nature Geosience ").
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