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A.D. (anno Domini)

See also: Common Era

Usually following a numeral, 1 or greater, A.D, abbreviation for the Latin phrase, anno Domini, translated 'in the year of the Lord', 'in the year of (our) Lord', and often referred to as 'of the Christian era', defines the numeral as a specified year counting from year 1 of the Gregorian Calendar, the posited year of the birth of Jesus Christ. That dating system, proposed by Dionysius Exiguus, specifies the year of this writing, for example, as 2009 A.D.

History of 'anno Domini'

Having lost its centrality for the Christianity-favored empire after the fall of the last emperor of the Western Roman Empire by the late 5th century CE, Rome was replaced by Constantinople as the 'Rome of the East'. Charlemagne (747-814), the Frankish king, when he had firmly established a rival Christian empire extending across Western Europe, came to Rome in 800 CE, ostensibly to pass judgment on Pope Leo III, who found himself under attack for misconduct. Charlemagne consulted with the Roman power groups, resulting in a decision that Pope Leo would swear an oath purging himself of the Roman charges against him. Soon after, while attending Christian mass, Pope Leo, ostensibly unexpectedly, crowned Charlemagne, the Romans proclaiming him "emperor of the Romans".

As asserted by author and historian, Tom Holland, in his book, The Forge of Christendom:

The whole coronation, Charlemagne would later declare, had come as a surprise to him, a bolt from the blue….Eight hundred years had passed to the day since the birth of the Son of Man: an anniversary of which Charlemagne and his advisers would have been perfectly aware….Traditionally, just as popes had employed the regnal year of the emperor in Constantinople on their documents, so other churchmen had derived dates from a bewildering array of starting points: the accession of their local ruler, perhaps, or an ancient persecution, or, most extravagantly, the creation of the world.

Such confusion, however, to scholars sponsored by the Frankish king, was intolerable. A universal Christian order, such as Charlemagne was laboring to raise, required a universal chronology. How fortunate it was, then, that the perfect solution had lain conveniently ready to hand….Monks both in Francia itself and in the British Isles, looking to calibrate the mysterious complexities of time, had found themselves arriving at a framework that was as practical as it was profound. From whose accession date, if not that of some earthly emperor or king, were years to be numbered? The answer, once given, was obvious. Christ alone was the ruler of all mankind - and His reign had begun when He had first been born into the world. It was the Incarnation - that cosmos-shaking moment when the Divine had become flesh - that served as the pivot around which all of history turned….Not at the Frankish court, to be sure. Clerics in Charlemagne's service had accordingly begun to measure dates from 'the year of our Lord' - 'anno Domini.'

Here was a sense of time, Christian time, that far transcended the local: perfectly suited to a monarchy that extended to the outermost limits of Christendom. Charlemagne, crowned upon the exact turning point of a century, could hardly have done more to identify himself with it.

kingdom table

Leading introductory biology textbooks assign the six kingdoms as follows:

DOMAIN KINGDOM EXAMPLES Bacteria Bacteria staphylococci; colibacteria Archaea Archaea methanogens; extremophiles Eukarya Protista algae; slime molds Eukarya Animalia worms; humans Eukarya Plantae ferns; roses Eukarya Fungi yeasts; mushrooms

testing

Metaphor as style in speech and writing

Metaphor is for most people a device of the poetic imagination and the rhetorical flourish-a matter of extraordinary rather than ordinary language. Moreover, metaphor is typically viewed as characteristic of language alone, a matter of words rather than thought or action. — George Lakoff and Mark Johnson

Viewed as an aspect of speech and writing, metaphor qualifies as style, in particular, style that employs a type of analogy. An expression (word, phrase) that by implication suggests the likeness of one entity to another entity gives style to an item of speech or writing, whether the entities consist of objects, events, ideas, activities, attributes, or almost anything expressible in language. For example, in the first sentence of this paragraph, the word ´viewed´ serves as a metaphor for ´thought of´, implying analogy of the process of seeing and the thought process. The phrase, "viewed as an aspect of", projects the properties of seeing (vision) something from a particular perspective onto thinking about something from a particular perspective, that ´something´ in this case referring to ´metaphor´ and that ´perspective´ in this case referring to the characteristics of speech and writing.

As a characteristic of speech and writing, metaphors can serve the poetic imagination, enabling William Shakespeare, in his play "As You Like It", to compare the world to a stage and its human inhabitants players entering and exiting upon that stage; enabling Sylvia Plath, in her poem "Cut", to compare the blood issuing from her cut thumb to the running of a million soldiers, "redcoats, every one"; and, enabling Robert Frost, in "The Road Not Taken", to compare one´s life to a journey.

Also

newtabl

Food Group # items/group Net Acid Load Potassium Content Protein Content Protein Content meq/100 kcal meq/100 kcal g/100 kcal g/100 meq potassium Acid-Producing Food Groups Fish 8 14.6 8.1 16.8 207 Meat 3 12.4 7.6 18.4 242 Poultry 2 7.8 4.7 13.4 287 Eggs 1 7.3 2.4 8.3 339 Shellfish 3 7.3 18.4 18.0 159 Cheese 9 3.3 0.8 7.1 982 Milk 4 1.3 6.4 5.7 90 Cereal Grains 7 1.1 2.6 3.2 153 Mean Values 6.9 6.4 11.4 308 Nearly-Neutral Food Groups Legumes 6 -0.4 12.6 10.6 100 Bicarbonate-Producing Food Groups Nuts 6 -1.1 3.8 25.0 86 Fresh Fruits 11 -5.2 9.4 1.6 16 Tubers 2 -5.4 11.8 2.2 18 Mushrooms 1 -11.2 62.3 25.7 41 Roots 5 -17.1 34.3 6.8 21 Vegetable (Vine) Fruits 1 -17.5 35.5 5.6 16 Leafy Greens 6 -23.4 43.5 10.0 24 Plant Stalks 1 -24.9 54.8 4.6 8 Mean Values -13.2 31.9 7.4 29

table

Food, Standard Amount Potassium (mg) Kilocalories Potassium (mmol) Potassium (mmol/100 kcal) Beet greens, cooked,1/2cup 655 19 17 88 Spinach, cooked,1/2cup 419 21 11 51 Tomato juice,3/4cup 417 31 11 34 Tomato paste,1/4cup 664 54 17 31 Tomato puree,1/2cup 549 48 14 29 Winter squash, cooked,1/2cup 448 40 11 29 Blackstrap molasses, 1 Tbsp 498 47 13 27 Tomato sauce,1/2cup 405 39 10 27 Cantaloupe,1/4medium 368 47 9 20 Carrot juice,3/4cup 517 71 13 19 Honeydew melon,1/8medium 365 58 9 16 Sweetpotato, baked, 1 potato (146 g) 694 131 18 14 Cod, Pacific, cooked, 3 oz 439 89 11 13 Apricots, dried, uncooked,1/4cup 378 78 10 12 Lima beans, cooked,1/2cup 484 104 12 12 Milk, non-fat, 1 cup 382 83 10 12 Yogurt, plain, non-fat, 8-oz container 579 127 15 12 Rockfish, Pacific, cooked, 3 oz 442 103 11 11 Clams, canned, 3 oz 534 126 14 11 Potato, baked, flesh, 1 potato (156 g) 610 145 16 11 Orange juice,3/4cup 355 85 9 11 Peaches, dried, uncooked,1/4cup 398 96 10 11 Halibut, cooked, 3 oz 490 119 13 11 Tuna, yellowfin, cooked, 3 oz 484 118 12 10 Bananas, 1 medium 422 105 11 10 Plantains, cooked,1/2cup slices 358 90 9 10 Prune juice,3/4cup 530 136 14 10 White beans, canned,1/2cup 595 153 15 10 Soybeans, green, cooked,1/2cup 485 127 12 10 Buttermilk, cultured, low-fat, 1 cup 370 98 9 10 Yogurt, plain, low-fat, 8-oz container 531 143 14 9 Kidney beans, cooked,1/2cup 358 112 9 8 Lentils, cooked,1/2cup 365 115 9 8 Split peas, cooked,1/2cup 355 116 9 8 2% milk, 1 cup 366 122 9 8 Prunes, stewed,1/2cup 398 133 10 8 Soybeans, mature, cooked,1/2cup 443 149 11 8 Rainbow trout, farmed, cooked, 3 oz 375 144 10 7 Yogurt, plain, whole milk, 8 oz container 352 138 9 7 Pork loin, center rib (roasts), lean, roasted, 3 oz 371 190 9 5 Pork chop, center loin, cooked, 3 oz 382 197 10 5

Serious leisure

About this article:

Serious leisure is the systematic pursuit of an amateur, hobbyist, or volunteer core activity that is highly substantial, interesting, and fulfilling and where, in the typical case, participants find a (leisure) career in acquiring and expressing a combination of its special skills, knowledge, and experience. The adjective "serious" (a word research interviewees often use to describe their free time passion) embodies such qualities as earnestness, sincerity, importance, and carefulness. This adjective, basically a folk term, signals the importance of these three types of activity (viz., amateur, hobbyist, or volunteer core activity) in the everyday lives of participants, in that pursuing the three eventually engenders deep self-fulfillment.

Amateurs

Amateurs are found in art, science, sport, and entertainment, where they are inevitably linked, one way or another, with professional counterparts who coalesce, along with the public whom the two groups share, into a three-way system of relations and relationships. By contrast hobbyists lack the professional alter ego of amateurs, though they sometimes have commercial equivalents and often have small publics who take an interest in what they do. The professionals are identified and defined in (economic rather than sociological) terms that relate well to amateurs and hobbyists, namely, as workers who are dependent on the income from an activity that other people pursue with little or no remuneration as leisure.

Hobbyists

Hobbyists are classified according to five categories: 1) collectors, 2) makers and tinkerers, 3) activity participants (in noncompetitive, rule-based, pursuits such as fishing and barbershop singing), 4) players of sports and games (in competitive, rule-based activities with no professional counterparts like long-distance running and competitive swimming) and 6) the enthusiasts of the liberal arts hobbies, which are primarily reading pursuits.

Volunteers

Volunteers, whether pursuing serious, casual, or project-based leisure, offer uncoerced help, either formally or informally, with no or, at most, token pay, for the benefit of both other people (beyond the volunteer's family) and the volunteer. Nevertheless the reigning conception of volunteering in nonprofit sector research is not that of volunteering as leisure (the volitional conception), but rather that of volunteering as unpaid work. This latter, economic, conception defines volunteering as the absence of payment for a livelihood, whether in money or in kind. This definition largely avoids the messy question of motivation so crucial to the volitional conception.

Further distinguishing characteristics of serious leisure

Serious leisure is further distinguished from two other forms of leisure -- casual and project-based -- by six qualities found exclusively or in highly elaborated expression only in the first. These qualities are 1) need to persevere at the activity, 2) availability of a leisure career, 3) need to put in effort to gain skill and knowledge, 4) realization of various special benefits, 5) unique ethos and social world, and 6) an attractive personal and social identity. Several personal and social rewards (e.g., self-fulfillment, contribution to the group or community) help further explain a person’s interest in serious leisure, which at bottom, is their leisure experience.

The serious leisure perspective

Serious leisure, along with the casual and project-based forms, constitute the serious leisure perspective. It is the theoretic framework that synthesizes what is known scientifically about these three main forms of leisure, showing at once, their distinctive features, similarities, and interrelationships. While this Perspective has its roots in the leisure experiences of individuals as they pursue their core leisure activities, it also provides a way of looking on the social, cultural, and historical context of those experiences and core activities.