Urolithiasis
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In medicine, urolithiasis if the "formation of stones in any part of the urinary tract, usually in the kidney; urinary bladder; or the ureter."[1]
Classification
Etiology/cause
High calcium diets are paradoxically associated with reduced urolithiasis.[2] This may be due to calcium in the diet reducing hyperoxaluria.
- Hypercalcuria - >140 mg/gm of urine creatinine or >4 mg/kg of body weight
- Hyperoxaluria - >40mg in 24 hour urine. May be primary or secondary to disorders such as inflammatory bowel disease
- Hypocitruria
- Uric acid
- Struvite
- cystine
Treatment
Prevention
Chlorthalidone reduces recurrence of calcium oxalate stones.[3][4]
References
- ↑ Anonymous (2022), Urolithiasis (English). Medical Subject Headings. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ↑ Curhan GC, Willett WC, Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ (1993). "A prospective study of dietary calcium and other nutrients and the risk of symptomatic kidney stones.". N Engl J Med 328 (12): 833-8. DOI:10.1056/NEJM199303253281203. PMID 8441427. Research Blogging.
- ↑ Ettinger B, Citron JT, Livermore B, Dolman LI (1988). "Chlorthalidone reduces calcium oxalate calculous recurrence but magnesium hydroxide does not.". J Urol 139 (4): 679-84. PMID 3280829.
- ↑ Escribano J, Balaguer A, Pagone F, Feliu A, Roqué I Figuls M (2009). "Pharmacological interventions for preventing complications in idiopathic hypercalciuria.". Cochrane Database Syst Rev (1): CD004754. DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD004754.pub2. PMID 19160242. Research Blogging.